In 2007, Belarus's population declined by 0.41% and its fertility rate was 1.22,[246] well below the replacement rate. [210][211] The councils are elected by their residents, and have executive committees appointed by their executive committee chairs. Belarus has a population density of about 50 people per square kilometre (127 per sqmi); 70% of its total population is concentrated in urban areas. [126], The highest point is Dzyarzhynskaya Hara (Dzyarzhynsk Hill) at 345 metres (1,132ft), and the lowest point is on the Neman River at 90m (295ft). The first coins of the Republic of Belarus were issued on 27 December 1996. [209] At the primary level are 14 cities of raion subordination councils, 8 urban-type settlements councils, and 1,151 village councils. The present borders of Belarus were established during the turmoil of the World War Two. At the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Belarus was one of the world's most industrially developed states by percentage of GDP as well as the richest CIS member-state. Amnesty International,[101] and Human Rights Watch[102] have criticized Lukashenko's violations of human rights. [127] The climate features mild to cold winters, with January minimum temperatures ranging from 4C (24.8F) in southwest (Brest) to 8C (17.6F) in northeast (Vitebsk), and cool and moist summers with an average temperature of 18C (64.4F). [61], During the negotiations of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Belarus first declared independence under German occupation on 25 March 1918, forming the Belarusian People's Republic. ", "Coordinates of the extreme points of the state frontier. Covering an area of 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) and with a population of 9.2 million, Belarus is the 13th-largest and the 20th-most populous country in Europe. Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. By one hypothesis the word derives from the Old Prussian name Gudwa, which, in turn, is related to the form udwa, which is a distorted version of Sudwa, Sudovia. [182] Belarus first began to cooperate with NATO upon signing documents to participate in their Partnership for Peace Program in 1995. [128] Belarus has an average annual rainfall of 550 to 700mm (21.7 to 27.6in). A court on Friday sentenced Belarus' top human rights advocate and one of the winners of the 2022 Nobel Peace Prize, to 10 years in prison. Economically, Belarus involved itself in the CIS, Eurasian Economic Community, and Union with Russia. Other aspects of life were explored by the Belarusian poets and novelists post the 1960s. This is only a partial archive of certain expired general licenses likely to be of interest -- it is not an exhaustive list of every general license that may relate to OFAC sanctions programs. Since his election as president in 1994, Alexander Lukashenko has consolidated his rule over all institutions and undermined the rule of law through . [148][149] Re-admission of the country into the council is dependent on the completion of benchmarks set by the council, including the improvement of human rights, rule of law, and democracy. Receiving heavy sponsorship from the government, ice hockey is the nation's second most popular sport after football. The 2007 RussiaBelarus energy dispute centered on accusations by Gazprom that Belarus was siphoning oil off of the Druzhba pipeline that runs through Belarus. Several poets and authors went into exile after the Nazi occupation of Belarus and would not return until the 1960s. The country, which is home to the capital city Minsk, is around 40% forest. ", "One Week After Election, Belarus Sees Giant Protests Against 'Europe's Last Dictator', "Belarus: inside Europe's last dictatorship", "Belarus's Lukashenko: 'Better a dictator than gay', "Belarus suspended from the Council of Europe", "Belarus Office of the Directorate General of Programmes", "OSCE Report on the October 2004 parliamentary elections", "Belarus in the aftermath of the Presidential election of 19 March 2006", "Police guard threatened to rape Belarus Free Theatre director after election protest", Belarus opposition leader Andrei Sannikov jailed, "Belarus: 7 presidential candidates face 15 years", "Why Belarus' Dictator Is Not Fond of Applause", "Belarus: EU imposes sanctions as Lukashenko orders police to clear the streets", "UNITED NATIONS MEMBER STATES | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases", "Russia-Belarus relations: The future of the union state", "CIS: Foreign Ministers, Heads Of State Gather In Minsk For Summit", "The U.S. Was Set to Send an Ambassador to Belarus. [164] Travel bans imposed by the European Union have been lifted in the past in order to allow Lukashenko to attend diplomatic meetings and also to engage his government and opposition groups in dialogue. [82] This policy involved sending Russians from various parts of the Soviet Union and placing them in key positions in the Byelorussian SSR government. " BYN -- - - ", " - ", "Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom Belarus", " ", "International Programs: International Data Base", "Religion and denominations in the Republic of Belarus", "Belarusian Religion statistics, definitions and sources", "Belarus, Roman Catholic Church may ink cooperation agreement", "Population classified by knowledge of the Belarusian and Russian languages by region and Minsk City", "The Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk amazes with its artistic atmosphere, popular artistes, hundreds of events and thousands of reasons to enjoy", "Belarus entry to the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest", " : , ", Cultures Profile Project Eating the Belarusian Way, "Queen Victoria takes the throne determined to court further success", Bibliography of the history of Belarus and Byelorussia, "The European Union and Belarus: Democracy Promotion by Technocratic Means? Its net migration rate is +0.38 per 1,000, indicating that Belarus experiences slightly more immigration than emigration. [265][bettersourceneeded], After the Second World War, music focused on the hardships of the Belarusian people or on those who took up arms in defense of the homeland. info)). 275-316) Lszl Nndor Magyari He spent the World War I years in Soviet Belarus, becoming one of the country's most distinguished artists and a member of the modernist avant-garde and was a founder of the Vitebsk Arts College. [267][268], Marc Chagall was born in Liozna (near Vitebsk) in 1887. . .., 1939.80 . i . [174] Belarus is included in the European Union's Eastern Partnership program, part of the EU's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), which aims to bring the EU and its neighbours closer in economic and geopolitical terms. In the years following the union, the process of gradual Polonization of both Lithuanians and Ruthenians gained steady momentum. [38][39] The etymology of the word Gudija is not clear. 96.19. The choice of name was probably based on the fact that core members of the newly formed government were educated in tsarist universities, with corresponding emphasis on the ideology of West-Russianism. In a statement issued on Sunday, the Kremlin said that Russia stood ready "to provide the necessary assistance to resolve the problems that have arisen" and referred to a collective security treaty. It has been run by authoritarian President Alexander Lukashenko since 1994. 1921 - The Treaty of Riga divides Belarus between Poland and Soviet Russia. The state telecom monopoly, Beltelecom, holds the exclusive interconnection with Internet providers outside of Belarus. Interaction between public authorities The state authority in the Republic of Belarus is exercised on the basis of separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial branches. [277], This article is about the Republic of Belarus. [253] The Lipka Tatars, numbering over 15,000, are predominantly Muslims. [132] Belarus and Lithuania ratified final border demarcation documents in February 2007.[133]. [158], The Byelorussian SSR was one of the two Soviet republics that joined the United Nations along with the Ukrainian SSR as one of the original 51 members in 1945. Due to the cool climate, clothes were designed to conserve body heat and were usually made from flax or wool. The National Bank of Belarus abandoned pegging the Belarusian ruble to the Russian rouble in August 2007. They were decorated with ornate patterns influenced by the neighboring cultures: Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Russians, and other European nations. After the World War, most literature focussed on war-related topics. . .., 1939. Several state holidays, such as Independence Day and Victory Day, draw big crowds and often include displays such as fireworks and military parades, especially in Vitebsk and Minsk. It was published in Prague and Vilnius sometime between 1517 and 1525, making it the first book printed in Belarus or anywhere in Eastern Europe. Belarus, country of eastern Europe. The law was compared with serfdom by Lukashenko himself. [153], After the December completion of the 2010 presidential election, Lukashenko was elected to a fourth straight term with nearly 80% of the vote in elections. [57], Under Nicholas I and Alexander III the national cultures were repressed. We give money to Belarus, which is Russian dictator Vladimir Putin's closest ally. [266] Rock music has become increasingly popular in recent years, though the Belarusian government has attempted to limit the amount of foreign music aired on the radio in favor of traditional Belarusian music. According to some estimates, in countries such as present-day Ukraine, GDP is supposed to be only about 90 percent of what it had been before the transition. MOFA condemned the Chinese Communist Party's "continuous spread of false statements" and its practice of forcing other countries to agree with its claims. For other uses, see. [142], Lukashenko has been frequently described as the "last dictator" in Europe in media. [62][63] Immediately afterwards, the PolishSoviet War ignited, and the territory of Belarus was divided between Poland and Soviet Russia. . ", "No Job? [155][156] Six months later amid an unprecedented economic crisis, activists utilized social networking to initiate a fresh round of protests characterized by wordless hand-clapping. The referendum on the extension was denounced as a "fantastic" fake by the chief electoral officer, Viktar Hanchar, who was removed from the office for official matters only during the campaign. The directives, part of a 3,500 . The Statutes were initially issued in the Ruthenian language alone and later also in Polish. Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe.It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. 4 Catholicism in Central and Eastern Europe, meanwhile, has not experienced the same upsurge as Orthodox Christianity. . It existed from only 1918 to 1919 but created prerequisites for the formation of a Belarusian state. Current Communist Countries: China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam. [209] In either case, the councils have the power to approve or reject a nonimee for executive committee chair. [125], Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus. [263] The free development of literature occurred only in Polish-held territory until Soviet occupation in 1939. [205], Belarus's two official languages are Russian and Belarusian;[254] Russian is the most common language spoken at home, used by 70% of the population, while Belarusian, the official first language, is spoken at home by 23%. The Belarusian team . [41] The region was first permanently settled by Baltic tribes in the 3rd century. The Soviet Union by 1948 had installed communist-leaning governments in Eastern European countries that the USSR had liberated from Nazi control during the war. [48] During this time, the duchy was involved in several military campaigns, including fighting on the side of Poland against the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410; the joint victory allowed the duchy to control the northwestern borderlands of Eastern Europe. After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. These articles were aimed to defend the rights of the Lithuanian nobility within the duchy against Polish and other nobles of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. Each region of Belarus has developed specific design patterns. [243] Minsk, the nation's capital and largest city, was home to 1,937,900 residents in 2015[update]. [276], Belarus has four UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites: the Mir Castle Complex, the Nesvizh Castle, the Belovezhskaya Pushcha (shared with Poland), and the Struve Geodetic Arc (shared with nine other countries). Belarus is not in the European Union (EU). The red-green flag, which has an embroidered pattern along one side, was introduced in 1951, when Belarus won a seat at the UN despite still being part of the Soviet Union. . The present borders of Belarus were established during the turmoil of the World War Two. People with old Belarusian national flags shout during an opposition rally in August in Minsk, Belarus. Washington and Beijing are competing . Users of this site are cautioned that new general licenses may be enacted, revoked or amended at any time; accordingly, the list and attachments made . so the map above is more of a modern representation of the countries that formerly made up East Europe. [46] Trying to avoid the Tatar Yoke, the Principality of Minsk sought protection from Lithuanian princes further north and in 1242, the Principality of Minsk became a part of the expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania. [219] The country relies on Russia for various imports, including petroleum. Treaties in 1995 and 1996 demarcated Belarus's borders with Latvia and Lithuania, and Belarus ratified a 1997 treaty establishing the Belarus-Ukraine border in 2009. [82], After the war, Belarus was among the 51 founding member states of the United Nations Charter and as such it was allowed an additional vote at the UN, on top of the Soviet Union's vote. The Byelorussian SSR was the hardest-hit Soviet republic in World War II; it remained in Nazi hands until 1944. The experts also received reports of violence against women and children, including sexual abuse and rape with rubber batons. [57], Joseph Stalin implemented a policy of Sovietization to isolate the Byelorussian SSR from Western influences. [205] Each raion has its own legislative authority, or raion council, (Belarusian: ; Russian: ) elected by its residents, and an executive authority or raion administration appointed by oblast executive powers. It is one of the most equal countries in the world,[215] with one of the lowest Gini-coefficient measures of national resource distribution, and its ranks 82nd in GDP per capita .Belarus has trade relations with over 180 countries. However, its 60th place ranking in the United Nations' Human Development Index places it in the category of states with; "very high" human development. However, the future of the union has been placed in doubt because of Belarus's repeated delays of monetary union, the lack of a referendum date for the draft constitution, and a dispute over the petroleum trade. To strengthen their independence within the format of the union, three editions of the Statutes of Lithuania were issued in the second half of the 16th century. [89] Stanislau Shushkevich, the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus, met with Boris Yeltsin of Russia and Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine on 8 December 1991 in Biaowiea Forest to formally declare the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States.[89]. [128] The country is in the transitional zone between continental climates and maritime climates. Washington, Mar 4 (PTI): Communist China is the strongest and the most disciplined enemy that the United States has ever faced, Republican presidential aspirant Nikki Haley said on Friday as she slammed the ruling Democratic Party as a 'socialist' part. [62][69] In the 1920s and 1930s, Soviet agricultural and economic policies, including collectivization and five-year plans for the national economy, led to famine and political repression. When opposition protesters took to the streets in Minsk, many people, including some presidential candidates, were beaten and arrested by the riot police. , ", "Number and territorial distribution of the population", "Belarus GDP Distribution Across Economic Sectors", "The Russian-Belarusian Union and the Near Abroad", "Russia may cut oil supplies to ally Belarus Putin", "What Are The Biggest Industries In Belarus? Although Belarus is now an independent nation, it is also an isolated dictatorship that has in some ways remained unchanged since the 1990s, and is largely seen both culturally and. In 1863, economic and cultural pressure exploded in a revolt, led by Konstanty Kalinowski (also known as Kastus). Communist domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multiparty election . [261] The modern era of Belarusian literature began in the late 19th century; one prominent writer was Yanka Kupala. During his stay, he worked with Belarusian poet Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich and created the opera Sialanka (Peasant Woman). The ballet Nightingale by M. Kroshner was composed during the Soviet era and became the first Belarusian ballet showcased at the National Academic Vialiki Ballet Theatre in Minsk. [60], In a Russification drive in the 1840s, Nicholas I prohibited use of the Belarusian language in public schools, campaigned against Belarusian publications and tried to pressure those who had converted to Catholicism under the Poles to reconvert to the Orthodox faith. To the left of this baby, on a bank of red and pink roses, luscious and so alive, a banner is unfurled; it reads 'COMMUNIST PARTY'. [17][82][83] The population of Belarus did not regain its pre-war level until 1971. Each chamber has the ability to veto any law passed by local officials if it is contrary to the constitution. "People in these countries are virtually isolated from the rest of the world by authoritarian rulers who muzzle the media and keep a chokehold on information through restrictive laws, fear, and intimidation," said CPJ Executive Director Ann Cooper. It was the last Soviet republic where the communist economic system worked and it was also the most militarized. It's just that, IMO, the data from the whole post-communist region show that the countries that adopted shock therapy fully actually ended He garnered 45% of the vote in the first round and 80%[89] in the second, defeating Vyacheslav Kebich who received 14% of the vote. MINSK, March 1. [75] A Belarusian organization, the Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union, was banned in 1927, and opposition to Polish government was met with state repressions. [220][221] Important agricultural products include potatoes and cattle byproducts, including meat. It shares Europe's oldest forest - Bialowieza - with Poland. [178] Demographic decreases in the Belarusians of conscription age have increased the importance of contract soldiers, who numbered 12,000 in 2001. Among the parties supportive of Lukashenko are the Communist Party of Belarus (KPB), a successor of the monolithic ruling Communist Party of the Soviet era; the Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus; and the Agrarian Party. For the past few years, the Hungarian government under authoritarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbn has overtly courted the American right, wooing the kinds of anti-democratic forces buoying former. In 2011, Belarus suffered a severe economic crisis attributed to Lukashenko's government's centralized control of the economy, with inflation reaching 108.7%. [122] About 40% of Belarus is covered by forests. [154] Many of the candidates, including Sannikov, were sentenced to prison or house arrest for terms which are mainly and typically over four years. [238] This redenomination can be considered an effort to fight the high inflation rate. Another hypothesis connects the word with the Gothic Kingdom that occupied parts of the territory of modern Belarus and Ukraine in the 4th and 5th centuries. [219], The currency of Belarus is the Belarusian ruble. [175] However, Belarus suspended its participation in the Eastern Partnership program on 28 June 2021, after the EU imposed more sanctions against the country. Smokescreen: India's fragile batting from Delhi, Nagpur gapingly exposed in Indore Batting of Ashwin, Jadeja and Axar covered the fragile nature of India's top-order batting in the first two Tests of the India-Australia series. Its population is also aging; the median age of 3034 is estimated to rise to between 60 and 64 in 2050. Belarusian language was banned in schools while in neighboring Samogitia primary school education with Samogitian literacy was allowed. The Head of State is the President of the Republic of Belarus. About us. At the end of the 19th century, major Belarusian cities formed their own opera and ballet companies.

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