Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Secondly, response rate is low in this research. (2004). Gender and discourse. These questions are all the more important given that Latinos are the single largest minority group in the country and growing at exponential rates. / Home; / About; descriptive representation pros and cons Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds. Descriptive Representation Descriptive representation refers to the election of racial and ethnic minor-ity members to policymaking bodies (Pitkin 1967). All names, acronyms, logos and trademarks displayed on this website are those of their respective owners. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. Oxford: Oxford University Press. For example, if you are a representative for an ad agency, you may conduct research to find out consumer opinion on a certain product. Sociologist. Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. Krizsan, A., Skjeie, H., & Squires, J. In recent decades, Congress has become much more descriptively representative of the United States. Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. The debate about whether grades help or hinder student learning is as old as the U.S. grading system itself, dating back to the late 1800s. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. What is a Descriptive Representative? Galligan, Y. Arena Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Sognsveien 68, 0855, Oslo, Norway, You can also search for this author in Women in parliaments: Descriptive and substantive representation. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. In the 2012 general election, 80 percent of the candidates endorsed by EMILYs List won a seat. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. Young, I. M. (2000). (1993). to the people they represent. Towards a European union gender equality index. Today, EMILYs List, a PAC founded in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office, plays a major role in fundraising for female candidates. Furthermore, women in the profession of politics often express a lack of interest in running for office and they are often subjected to the effect of career ceilings. There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons, knowledge, and the percent of time participants used KICs. Proportional representation is a complicated form of election. During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. When nondescriptive representatives have, for various reasons, greater SDLC models might have a different approach but the basic phases and activity remain the same for all the models. Clem Morfuni Companies House, 914, Excellenica, Lodha Supremus-2, Pros of Representative Democracy. Visualize the benefits and drawbacks of the solution. Wngnerud, L. (2009). Reliance on analytical thinki ng. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. Stetson, D., & Mazur, A. G. (1995). The second pro argument says that descriptive representation contributes exactly on this point, as far as social and cultural research show not only that people with significant descriptive characteristics may have overlapping experiences and interests shaping political preferences, but also that they communicate better among themselvesthe communication It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. The chapter discusses the costs and benefits of descriptive representation under state feminism in the light of institutional variation and the fact of reasonable normative disagreement. Often, tracking down survey groups that can provide pertinent data costs a significant amount of time and money. Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. Ideally, governmental policies aim to defend citizens of a specific territory by setting laws that promote and implement egalitarianism. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. For example, Patsy Mink (D-HI), the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, was the coauthor of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, Title IX of which prohibits sex discrimination in education. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation: Womens Quotas, Variations in State Feminism and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism. As Shaw and McKay, found out that the rates of crime were not evenly spread out across areas of the city, and around the city. The Case of Rwanda, Worlds Apart? Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment When it comes to confidentiality, some respondents won't give answers to questionnaires and interviews. We're sorry, but in order to log in and use all the features of this website, you will need to enable JavaScript in your browser. Mutfak Gnlkleri Sibel'in Mutfa Ana Sayfa; Hakkmda; Bana Ulan; descriptive representation pros and cons. In N. Fraser & A. Honneth (Eds. Between facts and norms. Bigger or more populous countries, especially those that have many provinces or states and a diverse society need people to be represented adequately at all levels of governance. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. Beyond bodies: Institutional sources of representation for women in democratic policy-making. In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969. Explaining Ethnic Minority Preferences in Bulgarian Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Politics at the Intersection: A Cross-National Analysis of Minority Women's Legislative Representation, Electoral Systems and Citizen-Elite Ideological Congruence, Womens Representation via Parliamentary Questions (with Sven Schiltz), Regendering party politics: An introduction, Religious Identity and Descriptive Representation, THE STATE OF DEMOCRACY AND REPRESENTATION IN AUSTRALIA, Voting Locally Abstaining Nationally: Descriptive Representation, Substantive Representation and Minority Voters Turnout, Activating Human Rights and Peace: Universal Responsibility Conference 2008 Conference Proceedings, Personal Attributes and Latino Voting Behavior in Congress, Between Science and Engineering: Reflections on the APSA Presidential Task Force on Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance. blurted this. See below. In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, African American representatives also began to enter Congress in increasing numbers. London: Routledge. States of democracy: A gender perspective. With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Engelstad, F., & Teigen, M. (2012). . Democracy and the new separation of powers. Norris, P., & Franklin, M. (1997). Weak coalition government:Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. Goodin, R. 2004. In S. Besson & J. L. Mart (Eds. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. - Volume 55 Issue 2. Descriptive representation is the concept that those who represent the American people should not only have the same political interest, but should also mirror the demographic makeup of the people. Traveling is one of my familys favorite things to do. nicknames with honey in them; westminster college wrestling; how do cat cafes pass health inspections; arcadia edu audio tour; karns supermarket weekly ads It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Various reasons clarify why this is. Bicameral legislature emanates from the concept of representative democracy. Cleveland State Law Review, 39(3), 269300. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . Goodin (2004) highlights that there is a tension between including members from different groups and subgroups on the one hand, and the practical ability to debate in the legislature thus rob them of the possibility of substantively represent their particular subgroup. Diagnostic analytics gives the reason why something happened. Struggles to expand the breadth of political and civil rights in the United States have been critical to fostering greater inclusion and equality for racial/ethnic minorities in America. In our current system, voters are given one vote to . The analysis will stress that the deliberative function of democracy requires de-scriptive representation far more than does the aggregative function. Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622637. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. And bear in mind that representatives act on behalf of groups not directly included in decision-making so we should also focus on the representation of interests (though this is much harder to do than simply counting, of course). List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. that: The most affecting descriptive writing results from an author's providing not a linguistic blueprint of a library but the raw material (the air tinged with the scent of old pages, the shafts of dusty light through the window slats, the whispers, like trickling water, of the librarians behind the oval reference desk) from which the reader can erect her own library. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Representatives. Many advances in womens rights have been the result of womens greater engagement in politics and representation in the halls of government, especially since the founding of the National Organization for Women in 1966 and the National Womens Political Caucus (NWPC) in 1971. Toggle navigation. The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Pros. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . It is based on the belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics as gender, ethnicity, or religion. Tannen, D. (1994). This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. Defending equality of outcome. Does the representative look like, have common interests with, or share certain experiences with the represented? Gender representation and quotas. Citizenship, Gender and Diversity. ), Women, politics, and change (pp. The closest comparative system would be the representative republic, such as used in the United States. Citing Literature. so that you can track your progress. Tables can be useful if trying to. Como Hacer Suero De Leche Venezolano, The representation of women in Australia: Meaning and make-believe. 1. For discussions of gender quotas in corporate boards, see, for example, Engelstad and Teigen (2012). Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. Women, policy and politics: The construction of policy problems. Martin, J. R. (1994). Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. The goal of a time restriction is to create a measurable outcome so that metrics can be in place. She went to law school after being denied admission to medical school because of her gender. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools Volume 52, Issue 3. 10 Anson Road,#11-20, International Plaza, Singapore-079903. In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Sawer, M. (2002). Both descriptive and inferential statistics help make sense out of row after row of data! (2014). Apart from it, if you've collected data on multiple variables, you can use the Bivariate or Multivariate descriptive statistics to study . Source publication Pros, Cons, and Changing Behavior: An. 518). Would perfect mobility be perfect? A theory of justice. Holst, C. (2010). 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Lovenduski, J. Firms, boards and gender quotas: Comparative perspectives. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. 8. For minorities, America is not the land of the free. As graphical representations are exhibited through numerical figures, tables, or graphs, it usually involves fewer errors and mistakes. Gender as seriality: Thinking about women as a social collective. Highlight the major advantages and disadvantages of the product, process, strategy, idea, etc. Conservatives and right-wing liberals have traditionally opposed it, while left-wing political parties and social movements often regard quotas for marginalized groups as decisive progressive measures in struggles for democracy and justice. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Namely, the institutional design of the state legislature matters in terms of electoral responsiveness, with Florida and New Mexico the most responsive, and New York and the U.S. House the least responsive to the election of Latino legislators. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. Aldershot: Ashgate. Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. Though studies argue it influences how communities are represented through constituency service, they are limited since legislators' service activities are unobserved. Here are the major reasons for using graphics to highlight the pros & cons: Show the pluses and minuses of specific options. On the negative side, descriptive research can sometimes be skewed to fit the needs of the researcher. These are part of business analytics, which extract value from your business data. While women in many western states could vote sooner, all women were not able to exercise their right to vote nationwide until passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and they began to make up more than 5 percent of either chamber only in the 1990s. Public opinion and the Australian aid budget, 2000-2013, Black Legislative Politics: Examining the Issue of Voting Rights in the Post- Hurricane Katrina Period, The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Party on Atittudes towards Descriptive Representation, Issues and Candidates: Colorado Latino/a Vote Choices, Granting Local Voting Rights to Non-Citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The Conundrum of Minority Representation in Two Divided Democracies, Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Womens Political Representation Worldwide, Turkish Journal of Politics (TJP) Vol. Bacchi, C. (1999). ), Deliberative systems: Deliberative democracy at the large scale. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Holst, C. (2014). Princeton: Princeton University Press. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Kymlicka, W. (1993). Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. My examination of hearing transcripts from the 107th Congress indicates that minority legislators are more likely than white legislators to participate in racial-oversight hearings but not more likely than whites to participate in social welfare hearings. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Lexington: D. C. Heath. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. Post- 2000 redistricting created more majority-Latino districts, although the absolute number of Latino legislators did not increase correspondingly. Young, I. M. (1994). Representing consumer institutions: The case of American health planning. (2005). From class actions to Miss Saigon. 2. A table lists data in columns. Conclusion. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? This however has created an increase in of social anxiety among some people in American. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. However, they no longer go gentle into that goodnight. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. There are many time restrictions that are placed on research methods. An example of descriptive statistics would be finding a pattern that comes from the data you've taken. Descriptive representation A belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, gender, ethnicity, or religion Racial gerrymandering The drawing of a legislative district to maximize th chance that a minority candidate will win the election Veto Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299. Perhaps youve even made it yourself. Fraser, N. (2003). Lafont, C. (2006). 2. The point of this chapter is neither to define the threshold level of effective state feminism nor to argue that state feminism actually delivers better than descriptive representation. Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. Sometimes you can add a subwoofer, depending on the model. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Minow, M. (1991). Easy to set up, doesn't require extra space. 1992 also saw the rise of an increased participation of women in Congress, particularly Democratic women, and this number has increased steadily over the years. There are a few different ways to look at this by taking a look at different minority groups and examining their struggles. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Though as they showed that areas with high crime rates were high regardless of ethnic group. View all access and purchase options for this article. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. Mansbridge, J. (2001). It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . For example, if you are assembling a questionnaire, you might load the questions to direct the reader to answer a certain way. Williams, M. S. (1998). Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. Martin-Woolman Ltd. Home; History; Services. 3. You might also like. ), States of democracy: Gender and politics in Europe. Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. New York: Free Press. Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. In S. Besson & J. S. Mart (Eds. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Qualitative Research Pros & Cons . Descriptive representation is hotly contested. The changing nature of European equality regimes. Predictive analytics determines the potential outcomes of present and past actions and trends. Estlund, D. (2008). To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. One of the critical factors in understanding why a few blocks are preferable at controlling wrongdoing over others needs to do with open communities connections among individuals in the area. The results apply to various other topics and departments, too. Movies represent cultural values and Disney's legacy of mostly white princesses depicts our racist society. This advantage makes it possible to determine if outcomes are viable. Implicit Standards for Evaluating Representatives . This article is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. Reisel, L. (2014). The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. It is the land of oppression to progression, yet we still wear our scars and our heads up high. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Christiano, T. (2012). \(\overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=} \). PROS Better understanding Easy sharing of information Accurate analysis Sales analysis Finding relations between events Modification of data Exploring opportunities and trends Geographical visualization CONS It gives estimation not accuracy Biased Lack of assistance Improper design issue Wrong focused people can skip core messages Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 21(2). Democratic legitimacy. Representative democracy is a form of government in which the people elect officials to create laws and policy on their behalf. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Rallies and protests have emerged from incidents that dealt with racial profiling. Summarize a large amount of data in a visual, easily interpretable form Make trends easier to highlight than tables do it helps in studying patterns over long period of time it is used to compare data sets. Equal outcomes on an individual level would have implied that each and every individual got the same bundle of goods and burdens in question. A contingent yes. The advantages of using tables and graphs to organize data include easy visualization of statistics, poignant descriptions of data, the provision of a summary of the overall work and the interest people show to graphics over words, according to Texas A&M University. (2002). Pros of Reservation System in India The Reservation System in India traces its roots back to the pre-independence era, when it was introduced to put an end to social evils such as untouchability and caste system. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. This form of representation is called descriptive representation. One example of this is the district context hypothesis that states that individuals in districts. While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. (1996). New York: Palgrave. Get full access to this article. Tests: The Cognitive Impact of Descriptive Representation. West European Politics, 36(3), 447473. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a thesis. Is the ideal of deliberative democracy coherent? License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/9e28f580-0d1b-4d72-8795-c48329947ac2@1. Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as Phillips, A. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative Relatable. New York: Colombia University Press. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. The NWPC was formed by Bella Abzug, Gloria Steinem, Shirley Chisholm, and other leading feminists to encourage womens participation in political parties, elect women to office, and raise money for their campaigns. They chant Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and harmoniously sing patriotic songs such as The Star Spangled Banner while being utterly oblivious of Americas corrupt political system. - 136.243.94.45. (1998). Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. The 116th Congress has been the most racially and ethnically diverse in U.S. history, with 56 Black members, 43 Hispanic members, 17 Asian members, and four Native American members. Olsen, J. P. (2013). While women and minorities remain underrepresented in Congress, some individual legislators have achieved seniority and enough political clout necessary to move into leadership positions. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate.

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