Relevant to these events; post recollections and descriptions, questions,. Smoke rises from surrounding area. the bunker. As best I could, I explained that they were to take charge and that General Giap might be among the civilians. FAQs - How to Order | TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Company B, 4th Battalion, 39th Infantry, which was placed under the operational control of the 2-47, made a combat air assault under fire into the middle of the Widows Village battle and fought bravely beside the Panthers all day long. Binh was a logistical mistake because the perimeter was so heavily armed The view is from the compound of the 20th. the airbase made it too us in the daylight and foamed the ditch for The village of Ho Nai, now a ghost town, still smoldered. VC informants inside the base had provided detailed information as to the base layout and defenses. So, when I was offered a chance to go to II Field Force to help establish a new long-range reconnaissance patrol outfit, I actually turned it down to stay with the company. That night, frightened bunker guards in the 199th compound shot into the darkness to their front. During Tet 1968, the 856th Radio . We suffered more wounded during the trip back to III Corps, where I was called to a meeting in the headquarters. We opened up with everything we had and kept driving. Back view of jeep with open doors. Unconfirmed reports reports said the blasts were . I was having a few beers with several other sailors in the outside screened patio area of the Navy EM Club when we heard a noise to our left. We all knew these moves were more than precautionary. In January 1968, our battalion relocated to the area between Xuan Loc and Bien Hoa, where intelligence had located a VC battalion. The three companies formed a line almost three kilometers long, facing east, with their backs to the Long Binh wire, based on the mistaken assumption that the VC would attack from the jungle. The mushroom cloud slowly dissipated after hours of About 30 minutes later, the track came back with only the driver, who reported the ranger sergeant had been killed and that it had been impossible to evacuate the wounded. We topped off our fuel tanks, replenished our ammo and continued to move toward our assigned blocking position. When the shooting started it Tower had called and told me Charlie Company was under the operational control of III Corps and I was to take my orders from them. The bus ride to 90th Replacement was relatively short and everyone seemed exhausted from the long flight. The chrome The probing attack units included VC sapper squads. To get to the church, we had to run a gantlet of fire, through the VC 238th Regiment and into the flank of the 275th, which was fighting the 2-47s scout platoon in Widows Village. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. Unfortunately for the VC, they had no weapons other than the RPG launcher. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. Sappers had placed satchel charges on pallets of artillery ammunition, and the resulting mushroom cloud caused all its witnesses to think the VC had employed a tactical nuclear weapon. PAVN/VC losses were 137 killed and 25 captured. In the early morning hours on 31 January, insurgent forces launched After telling them to stop shooting When I arrived at 9th Division in June, I was further shocked to learn that I was going to a mechanized battalion, rather than be assigned to one of the battalions in the Delta where I could use my light infantry and Ranger school experience. There we would be assigned a unit we would serve with in Vietnam. At the meeting I was joined by the S3 of a battalion from the 101st Airborne Division. 3 Merge Long Binh Jail into Long Binh. As was our normal practice, each company had sent two ambush patrols into the jungle to our front. Here was another sign that the situation was serious: The battalion commander personally gave out map coordinates of company objectives in the clear.Alpha Company was ordered to the 199th LIB compound, which was under attack. At that time, I received a call on my company frequency from the battalion commander, Colonel Tower, asking how things were going. At 3 a.m. on January 31, I received a call from Major Bill Jones, who had recently taken Ionoffs place as operations officer. known as Widows Village. The Commo track, C-007, nicknamed Abdula and the Rug Merchants, with then- Pfc (and current Vietnam editor) David Zabecki behind the .50-caliber, brought up the rear. 10. An MP full colonel, along with a deputy sheriff from Los Angeles (dressed in his deputy uniform) and two jeeploads of Vietnamese National Police, drove up to my track. only be entered from off the Bien Hoa Air base and thru the gate At least 3,000 tons of ammu nition were reportedly de stroyed in the blasts, which be gan before dawn and continued until midmorning. The VC attacks on Bien Hoa and the Long Binh complex were abject failures, due in part to the fact that on January 31, 1968, they had run into the Panthers of the 2nd Battalion (Mechanized), 47th Infantry. I realize now that the track was high enough that the rounds would have passed over the troops in front of the vehicle, Love recalls. and the perimeter was still intact. Long Binh, again (Feb. 1967). By continuing to use this site without changing your cookie settings, you agree that you are happy to accept our privacy policyand cookie policyand for us to access our cookies on your device. An accurate body count could never be compiled since so many VC bodies were dragged away or were burned in the many fires in the towns and villages. Sergeant John Ax, squad leader of 1st Squad, 2nd Platoon, recalls what the fighting near III Corps was like: An RPG hit Shocker, the C-21 track, in the side; but it must have been a glancing blow, because it did not explode. They all blew up! Company E engaged the PAVN/VC supported by artillery fire killing 47 PAVN/VC. He started I was told to forget about them, which reinforced our feeling that this situation was different and that combat was certainly imminent. [2]:349, The perimeter was strengthened by an ad hoc force of support personnel from the 145th Aviation Battalion and just before midday the ARVN 57th Regional Force Battalion moved through the base and counterattacked the VC forcing them to withdraw east into the rubber plantation leaving behind over 100 dead. SOUTH VIETNAM: VIET CONG EXPLODE U.S. secondary explosions. 0.04 He manned the .50 and, with a Charlie Company driver, started off down Highway 1. In another sign that the situation was serious, the battalion commander himself gave map coordinates of company objectives in the clear. But their 81mm mortars were useless, since we were told we could not put any indirect fire into the town. The unit left their position at Firebase Concord north of Bin Ha and moved east proceeding along trails north of Ho Nai towards the LRRP position. . This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History. checkered) water tower by the main gate. But no one would be leaving the country that day. First was sand then bigger stuff. By late afternoon the 275th Regiment retreated north, leaving over 200 dead. During this fighting, the two platoon leaders were wounded, Lieutenant Casper in the leg and Lieutenant Jones in the foot. Sergeant John Ax, squad leader of 1st Squad, 2nd Platoon, recalls the fighting near III Corps: An RPG hit Shocker, the C-21 track, in the side; but it must have been a glancing blow, because it did not explode. ". He Long Binh ammo dump was one of the biggest ordnance storage areas in the country. Not only would I not finish my command tour, but I was also being assigned to a leg division. A VC guerrilla hiding behind a parked ARVN jeep had fired the rocket. During TET 1969 in front of Bunker Hill 17, VC sappers tried to penetrate our fence line. The attacks were repulsed with the VC/PAVN suffering heavy losses, having inflicted minimal damage on the bases. The recon platoon was ordered to establish a blocking position south of Long Binh on Highway 15. night on alert at the Birdcage, I was awakened (trying to sleep Kortuem! When it went off my first thought was that it was a nuclear explosion because of the light dome that rose from the explosion. went off my first thought was that it was a nuclear explosion because of find all the dead so the countryside smelled like a scene from The I realized we were driving past our objective, halted the company and called for the 2nd Platoon to find a place to turn around. At dawn on 2 February the US counted approximately 50 VC/PAVN dead in the area and captured 3 VC. I called battalion headquarters and was told to forget about them, which reinforced our sense that combat was imminent. Long Binh ammo dump was one of the biggest ordnance storage areas in the country. As dawn broke, everything was deathly quiet. Explosion at Long Binh ammunition storage facility. Script is copyright Reuters Limited. The 2nd Platoon pulled the damaged track out of the side street and towed it back to the III Corps compound. [6]:66. Alpha Company, still licking its wounds from the January 23 fight, was left intact. 6. In a fight, the company had 22 .50-caliber machine guns, a 106mm and several 90mm recoilless rifles, and more radios and M-60 machine guns than a walking company could ever carry. Well, the piece of shrapnel 102 comments 105 shares. Then things started falling out of the sky. GV AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN F/G. front making it dangerous to return fire. They both hobbled through the rest of the days fighting. This site was called Hill 63 because there was a hill nearby that had an elevation of 63 meters on the map. Then things started falling With the explosion of the entire ammunition dump imminent, and in the midst of exploding shells, fire and debris, the men of COMPANY B, . It knocked a dimple in the side of the track as I fired up the gunner., Later in the fighting, Casper and several 2nd Platoon troops were pinned down next to a building. When the Tet cease-fire period began on January 28, the battalion was called back to the vicinity of Bear Cat, and Charlie Company was ordered to a large open field across Highway 15 from the Long Tan airfield. When we arrived, we filed off the busses . 0.48 Suddenly he came upon a VC RPG team drawing a bead on my command track, which was marked as a prime target by the number of radio antennas jutting from it. Long Binh Vietnam 1969 stock footage and images - Showing 1 to 6 of 5540 results Sort by: All Decade 1890 - 1899 Location (1) Norfolk Virginia USA (2) Normandy France (12) Norman Oklahoma USA (1) (1) (1) North Carolina United States USA (2) North Chicago Illinois USA (1) North Dakota United States USA (1) North Haven Maine USA (1) North Korea (1) Get under! After what seemed like After I received the coordinates of our objective, I yelled, Crank em up! into the radio handset, and we moved out. [7], The Tet offensive attacks and previous losses due to mortar and rocket attacks on air bases across South Vietnam led the Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Nitze on 6 March 1968 to approve the construction of 165 "Wonderarch" roofed aircraft shelters at the major air bases. 9. 6 External links modified. The VC/PAVN attacked the position that night in a 6 hour long assault which was met initially by US mortar and artillery fire, then helicopter gunships and then napalm strikes. The 2-47s scout platoon had just finished a brutal fight in Widows Village, and at 1600 hours, it was ordered to move to the junction of Highways 1 and 316, and to attack westward through the village of Ho Nai toward Charlie Company, in the hope of pinning the VC between us. [2]:347 Weyand also requested the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF) to defend the eastern approaches to Long Binh/Bien Hoa and 1 ATF had commenced Operation Coburg on 24 January. went off and all hell broke lose. According to the VC 5th Division official history, the 3rd Battalion, 5th VC Regiment was supported by the Bien Hoa Sapper Company; its mission was to overrun the compound, which was defended by about 15 ARVN soldiers and a smattering of MACV advisers. U.S. military officials vVould not give the exact number of casualties for security reasons. on the water tower". The weapon was aimed at the newly built and painted (orange-white [6]:36 In addition airborne "rocket watch" patrols were established in the Saigon-Bien Hoa area to reduce attacks by fire. As we turned around to head back west, a tremendous blast shook the whole city of Bien Hoa. Now someone pointed out that there were a lot of young men, all dressed in black pants and white shirts, among the refugees. Their 81mm mortars were useless, since we were told we could not put any indirect fire into the town. All day civilians had been darting from their homes and running from the fighting. Privacy Policy2023 CriticalPast LLC. border. The platoons attacked by successive bounds through the village as the tracks, forming the base of the T, gave fire support from the .50s and resupplied the troops with ammo. When we arrived, we found the churchyard packed with thousands of civilians seeking refuge. My Account | 5 Explosion at Long Binh ammunition storage facility. 0.35 Summary - October 1966. Meanwhile, Charlie Company was ordered back to III Corps. I assigned areas of operation to my two rifle platoons and positioned the weapons platoon inside the compound as a reserve and security force. Alpha Company was ordered to the 199th LIB compound, which was under attack. for days and days. As he fell, a burst of automatic weapons fire stitched the wall right where he would have been had he not fallen.. I walked back to my track, thinking this was going to be a real nightmare. It involved transfer of powder projectiles and fuses enough to keep out of the sky. Casper rose from the prone position and yelled for his troops to follow him. probably one of the best deals I had been Used for because the With small-arms fire cracking overhead, young girls carrying bottles of Coca-Cola were trying to sell them to the troops. [2]:3523, General Weyand later noted that in their attacks on the Saigon area "Despite the large number of Communist troops committed, insufficient force was applied in any one area to take and hold the objectiveThe assault had been launched piecemeal and it was repulsed piecemeal in a series of relatively small battles. [3]:2305 By dawn the VC/PAVN were retreating northwards pursued by helicopter gunships and at 06:15 Company C, 4/12th Infantry began moving north in pursuit, intending to pin the VC/PAVN against a force from Company B, 2nd Battalion, 3rd Infantry Regiment which was moving south. As we fought our way toward the scout platoon, we were blocked by two large churches that were directly across Highway 1 from each other, both occupied by the VC. Normally, operations orders issued over the radio were encoded and sent by the operations officers radio operator. Dressed as travelers returning to ancestral homes for the Tet holiday, the guerrillas had quietly drifted into their urban assembly areas and put together their weapons. On that fateful night, explosions began at the bomb dump, I immediately responded to CSC as the SP's . [3]:2515, A VC/PAVN attack on the prisoner of war camp in Bin Ha which held over 2000 prisoners was repulsed by a platoon from Company C, 4/12th Infantry and a platoon from Company D, 17th Cavalry and their ACAVs. Sand bags near barbed wire fence. M-113 Armored Personnel Carrier on guard. Our outfit was a I yelled at Lieutenant Casper, and everybody looked around as the VC tore out running the last few yards to safety. In addition to the US bases, the city of Bin Ha was the headquarters of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) III Corps and home to a large prisoner of war camp. That night, frightened bunker guards in the 199th compound shot into the darkness to their front. Love was so startled, he didnt fire. On January 23, during a battalion sweep of a heavily jungled area south of Highway 1, Alpha Company walked into a well-camouflaged, well-defended enemy bunker system and was badly mauled, losing four men killed and more than 20 wounded, including almost all of the officers. U.S. troops firing small arms as they proceed across tall grass into the hamlet. About 30 minutes later, the track was back with only the driver, who reported the ranger sergeant had been killed and that it had been impossible to get the wounded. It also contained tons of captured NVA ammo and guns from the A Shau Valley. In addition we detained more than 20 probable VC fighters dressed in civilian clothes. This fire was observed by the helicopter gunships that had been circling the area north of Long Binh and they quickly moved to attack the launch sites and were soon joined by an AC-47 Spooky gunship and their combined fire soon stopped the rocket/mortar fire. remembered the 1SGT told him the first thing he was to get into In October, the 2-47 was given the mission of securing engineers as they cleared Highway 1 from Xuan Loc to the II Corps boundary near Phan Thiet. Jan. 31. Helicopter gunships took off from Bien Hoa AB to investigate, but were unable to locate the force in the darkness. All I could think of to say was, Please clear that weapon!. Toward dusk on January 30, Charlie Company soldiers stripped to the waist to dig bunkers next to their APCs. recoil of my M14. We use cookies on this website. opened his mouth but, SGT Cuffee, the supply SGT. We could use our tracks as a base of fire or in a blocking position as the company maneuvered dismounted. We closed within a few hundred meters of the scout platoon and watched as helicopter gunships destroyed a large yellow house from which the VC were pinning down Barnes troops. Ripped apart barbed wire. USAF McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II bomber aircraft drop two Mk.84 HD bombs. Get under! GV EXPLOSIONS AND FIRES The VC had run out of ammunition and were trying to escape. was his helmet and flack jacket! Specialist 4 Bill Rambo, assistant driver and .50-gunner on my command track, remembers my response to the firing as being absolutely irate. As the 2/47th Infantry approached the town a Vietnamese warned that it contained many VC and the VC then launched an ambush on the column knocking out 3 ACAVs with RPGs setting off a 4-hour battle as the US forces engaged the VC position and rescued the survivors in the damaged ACAVs. remember being giddy and my brain was asking What is wrong with me?. AIR V..AMMUNITION DUMPS AND FIRES 2,400,000 pounds of 8 inch high explosive artillery projectiles. This is the airstrike on snipers at the 195th AHC perimeter and the Long Binh ammo dump explosion set off by sappers the morning of the 1968 Tet offensive with sound effects added. As the 2nd Platoon began to run short, Spc. Gradually, I became a mechanized soldier. The Vietnamese brigadier generalthe ranking man at III Corpsdrew circles on a map around two areas of downtown Bien Hoa. (Long Binh) ammunition dump. Officers and soldiers examine barbed wire fence where Vietcong broke through to enter Longbinh ammunition dump. We rolled through Long Binh and out the main gate, then turned onto Highway 316. At 0300 hours I received a call from Major Bill Jones, who had recently taken Ionoffs place as S3, stating that Bien Hoa airbase, the Long Binh facility, the II Field Force headquarters and the 199th Light Infantry Brigade (LIB) base camp were under heavy mortar and rocket attack. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. Bucks County Pennsylvania United States USA, Del Rio Texas Laughlin Air Force Base USA, Roxborough Pennsylvania United States USA, U-Tapao Royal Thai Air Force Base Thailand. Those orders were for us to clear the VC from the houses surrounding the corps headquarters. 7. To ensure you can use all the features please enable it. 4 and future U.S. senator from Nebraska Chuck Hagel) had defended the Long Binh ammo dump and had helped in the Widows Village fight. resulting in the explosion of the ammo dump at Bin Ha Air Base. The 2nd Platoon, under Lieutenant Fred Casper, led the way, followed by my track, then Lieutenant Howard Jones 1st Platoon and, finally, the weapons platoon under Lieutenant Don Muir. Policy was to fill in all holes and empty our sandbags when we left a position, to leave nothing the VC might use against us. The battle proved significant, as Alphas leadership was seriously depleted immediately prior to Tet. The 2-47s enemy body count came in at more than 200, while the battalion suffered only four KIA. About Us | January 12, 1972. by: Arnold John Houchin Bin Ha, USAF 3rd Security Police Squadron 1970-1972 Phu Cat, 37th SPS; Thu Hoa, 31st SPS; . History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. more After commanding 180 paratroopers, taking on four APCs and 40 troops seemed like a dreamexcept that now I was responsible for troops in combat, not training. Having been struck by mortars or rockets, the fuel tanks at the air base, as well as several buildings throughout Bien Hoa, were burning brightly. Tower ordered Charlie Company to attack eastward to clear the village of Ho Nai, a suburb of Bien Hoa. Seems like the fighting went on They both hobbled through the rest of the days fighting. During December we made little enemy contact, probably because the Communists were lying low, preparing for Tet. According to the official history of the VC 5th Division, the 3rd Battalion, 5th VC Regiment, supported by the Bien Hoa Sapper Company, had the mission of overrunning the compound, which was defended by about 15 ARVN soldiers and a smattering of MACV advisers. The platoons attacked by successive bounds through the village as the companys tracks, forming the base of the T on the highway, provided fire support from the .50s and resupplied the troops with ammunition. In fact, the Communists had already infiltrated the city of Bien Hoa, suburban Ho Nai village and Widows Village, where pensioned families of deceased ARVN soldiers lived. I told him about the order to clear an area of operations equal in size to that assigned the airborne battalion.He said: Forget that. (Vietnam War period). 1 comment. Four men were killed and more than 20 wounded, including most of the officers. When Lieutenant Casper jumped up, our legs became entangled and I tripped him, Ax remembers. AMMUNITION DUMP. All I could think of to say was, Please clear that weapon!During the meeting, a master sergeant adviser to a Vietnamese ranger battalion ran into the compound. This is the story of one rifle company, and what it faced on that decisive day. Flames illuminated the clouds, forming an eerie glow; flares hung in the sky and helicopter gunships crossed back and forth firing red streams of tracers into the city. LV EXPLOSION, SIGN ON BOARD "DISNEY LAND FAR EAST" 1. Bravo Company (one member of which was Spc. That was 90th Replacement Battalion, situated on the road to Saigon between the village of Bien Hoa and the huge base at Long Binh. Privacy Policy | Links All night they scanned the jungles with Starlight scopes, seeing nothing. Simultaneously, platoon leaders reported finding discarded AK-47s. Benny Toney, the 2nd Platoon sergeant, hooked a tow cable to Stormy. Satchel charges blew pallets of artillery ammunition, creating a mushroom cloud that made us think the VC had set off a tactical nuclear weapon. LV DITTO Sergeant was already tucked under a 5 ton truck parked about 50 feet We began detaining the well-dressed young men among the refugees. As I walked around the front of a track, the .50-caliber gunner accidentally hit the trigger and pumped five rounds into the ground about three feet in front of me. We charged southeast down Highway 316 to the Highway 15 intersection, situated on a small hill overlooking the 90th Replacement Company. Tower had called and told me that Charlie Company was under the operational control of III Corps and I was to take my orders from them. Tower ordered Charlie Company to attack eastward to clear the village of Ho Nai, a Bien Hoa suburb. Attacking Long SAIGON, South Vietnam, June 1 (Reuters)Explosions ripped through a huge ammu nition dump near here today, killing one soldier and wound ing 13. The VC concentrated their attack on Bunker 10 an old French concrete bunker on the eastern perimeter, hitting it with Rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) and mortar fire, however the Security Police in Bunker 10 and adjacent bunkers fought back keeping the VC from penetrating far into the base. rockets at Bien Hoa AB and Long Binh Post. Bringing that volatile convoy through the city, which had not been totally cleared and was still burning in many places, was a tremendously heroic act. In addition we detained more than 20 probable VC fighters dressed in civilian clothes. As we rolled by, we looked down into the compound and saw soldiers in khakis, boarding passes in hand, milling about. As dawn broke on February 1, it was deathly quiet. When the Tet cease-fire period began on January 28, the battalion was called back to the vicinity of Bear Cat, a base camp near Long Thanh. As enemy resistance stiffened, we realized we had bottled at least a company of the VC 275th Regiment in the village. As the Hueys rockets smashed the VC strongpoint, the scouts fought their way out of the encirclement and evacuated their dead and wounded. There was an ammo dump explosion in 1968 also and both 1967 and 1968 are correct and were of course separate incidents. To get to the church, we had to run a gantlet of fire, through the VC 238th Regiment and into the flank of the 275th, which was fighting the 2-47s scout platoon in Widows Village. We fired all we had into the buildings lining the roadway and took several wounded while getting to the church. From our positions, we could see and hear the fireworks lighting the sky over Saigon to the west. For additional reading, see: The Battle for Saigon, Tet 1968, by Keith Nolan; and History of the 5th Division, by Ho Son Dai and Nguyen Van Hung. Somehow the foam trucks from I told the colonel that this was not a police action, that we werent searching houses, we were in combat. In mid-September, when Ionoff moved to battalion headquarters to become the operations officer (S3), I assumed command of Company C. In October, the 2-47 was tasked to secure engineers as they cleared Highway 1 from Xuan Loc to the II Corps boundary near Phan Thiet. while we were gone. As usual, each company had sent two ambush patrols into the jungle to our front. At the beginning of the Tet Offensive, one rifle company was ordered to to clear the village of Ho Nai, a Bien Hoa suburb. We were west of Highway QL1 along a road named 535. Charlie Company had reported 38 VC killed, at the cost of only 11 U.S. wounded and three APCs damaged by RPGs. This group is primarily for those Vietnam veterans who experienced the ammo dump attacks in Long Binh in 1966, '67, & '68. Which date was it? We threw grenades over the wall behind them, but hit nothing.. It knocked a dimple in the side of the track as I fired up the gunner., Later in the fighting, Casper and several 2nd Platoon troops were pinned down next to a building. We left the clearing of Bien Hoa City in the capable hands of the 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry. This article incorporates public domain material from the .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Air Force Historical Research Agency.

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