covid vaccine and pots patients

covid vaccine and pots patients

Most got sick before the vaccine. News-Medical. Here's what you need to know about the different vaccines and the benefits of getting vaccinated. These scenarios include patients who begin having POTS symptoms during the acute phase of COVID-19, and patients who don't present with POTS symptoms until weeks after the acute phase. Kwan AC, Ebinger JE, Wei J, et al. Internet Explorer). No significant lasting flares for either of us. He and his colleagues note that standard POTS treatment starting with conservative therapies like salt tablets, hydration, structured exercise programs, and compressive stockings have been used to manage these patients. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20221214/What-is-the-relation-between-COVID-19-vaccination-and-new-POTS-related-diagnoses.aspx. News-Medical. Epub 2021 Mar 30. Si vous souhaitez personnaliser vos choix, cliquez sur Grer les paramtres de confidentialit. 2021 Apr;69(2):205-211. doi: 10.1007/s12026-021-09185-5. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report: Toshniwal Paharia, Pooja Toshniwal Paharia. POTS has been around forever and gets exacerbated by viral illness or in . Appropriate diagnostic investigations and therapies are necessary to identify and treat autonomic dysfunction after COVID-19. But there are various treatments for POTS that have been effective for many patients.. As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues, you might have questions about COVID-19 vaccines. It doesnt quite bring it to the point of being able to tell an individual patient, This is what your specific odds of POTS are after a vaccination, but we believe this essentially brings some validity to the observation that POTS may occur after vaccination, though notably at a significantly lower rate than after [COVID-19 itself].. This paper reports prospective evaluation of patients using formal testing to diagnose POTS as part of long-COVID syndrome. In the USA, the pre-pandemic prevalence of POTS has been estimated to be in the range of 500,0003,000,000 people, affecting predominantly women of reproductive age and roughly 1 in 100 teenagers3. Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA, Dysautonomia Clinic, Williamsville, NY, USA, Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, You can also search for this author in Dr. based clinical-radiological diagnosis and management of oral lesions and conditions and associated maxillofacial disorders. Among the post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination cohort of 284,592 individuals, the average age was 52.0years, 57.0% were women, and 63% were Whites. Similar findings were observed after repeating the analysis and considering the second vaccination as the index vaccination. A case of transient POTS following COVID-19 vaccine Acta Neurol Belg. News-Medical. Have now been on Pantoprazole, rabiprazole(sp). Hi there! Dev. Sorry, I misunderstood your concern. Using a sequence-symmetry analysis in over 280,000 COVID-19 vaccination records, we compared the odds of POTS-related diagnosis after exposure to COVID-19 versus before exposure, and compared these results with those for common primary care diagnoses that are not POTS-related. We are vaccinating all eligible patients. Nat Cardiovasc Res 1, 11191120 (2022). 2023 Feb 14;329(6):454-456. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.0050. Go to the Heart Rhythm Conditions Support Group. Early July I started experiencing dizziness, wooziness when I got up to let the dog out. CRF is committed to igniting the next wave of innovation in research and education that will help doctors save and improve the quality of their patients lives. The majority of patients in the Post-COVID-19 POTS clinic seem to have had very mild cases of COVID-19, and some were asymptomatic cases, he says. In bed for 5 weeks. Third, it reaffirms that POTS occurs at a high rate after SARS-CoV-2 infection and is likely one of the major phenotypes of PASC. Most (62%) received the shot from Pfizer/BioNTech, 31% the one from Moderna, 7% the Janssen vaccine from Johnson & Johnson, and less than 0.1% a mix of other shots. The current proposed pathology for POTS is an inability to regulate blood volume. We use cookies to enhance your experience. Cardiol. Sheldon, R. S. et al. POTS and COVID-19 Heart damage, myocarditis, and heart failure have been some of the most crippling outcomes of severe COVID-19 infections. 286, 438448 (2019). Spectrum of neurological complications following COVID-19 vaccination. When comparing patients who developed COVID-19 between two weeks and six months following vaccination, vaccine efficacy appeared to be slightly lower in patients with higher weight and height. Thus, there exists a biological probability of comparable systemic immune responses to COVID-19 vaccinations in comparison to those induced due to SARS-CoV-2 exposure. One of the remaining approvals was for severe allergic shock and one was for a type of skin swelling called angioedema. But all of this, he stressed, is pretty speculative.. Norovirus, the No. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. A comparison of estimators from self-controlled case series, case-crossover design, and sequence symmetry analysis for pharmacoepidemiological studies. A Condition Called POTS Rose After COVID, but Patients Can't Find Care The investigators found that the risk of developing POTS after vaccination is less than five cases per million doses. Therefore, deriving precise estimates of risk per exposure is difficult, and follow-up studies are needed to determine the absolute risk of POTS after vaccination. My POTS is getting controllable. The symptoms of POTS include but are not limited to lightheadedness (occasionally with fainting), difficulty thinking and concentrating (brain fog), fatigue, intolerance of exercise, headache, blurry vision, palpitations, tremor and nausea. I became very ill and no success in controlling the symptoms until the cardiologist at Mayo diagnosed me with POTS and instructed me on the changes I needed to make to get the symptoms to subside. Have been put on Linzess, Trulance, and others. From these results, we can conclude that POTS might be occurring at a higher-than-expected frequency following COVID-19 vaccination, although at an overall rate lower than the frequency of POTS occurring following SARS-CoV-2 infection. while also discussing the various products Sartorius produces in order to aid in this. However, the odds ratio (1.1) was non-significantly higher, probably due to the low sample size. Still, their age was marginally higher (average age of 60 years, 47% were women, and 59% were Whites). A.C.K. exploring the link between the COVID-19 vaccine and a debilitating heart condition known as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). The virus clearly seems to be affecting the autonomic nervous system, says Chung, and we are seeing it manifest in two scenarios.. I was diagnosed 9 months ago, 4 hours away from my house, at a large university hospital. Over 20 months post vaccine Dysautonomia and a new acquired auto immune disease. Even without clear mechanisms to explain the findings, the medical community should be aware of the potential links between COVID-19 and vaccination and POTS, Kwan said. No deaths. 12, 669010 (2021). Am. Through this work, and institutional support for research efforts, we have been able to establish a large number of studies on COVID-19 infection and related therapies. J. Intern. The authors noted that only 25 new cases of myocarditis, the best-characterized COVID-19 vaccine adverse event, occurred in the cohort, 7 before vaccination and 18 after. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is an impaction of the autonomic nervous system initiating orthostatic tachycardia. My heart rate had always been normal. Prominent symptoms include a rapid increase in the heartbeat of more than 30 beats per minute, or a heart rate that exceeds 120 beats per minute, within 10 minutes of standing. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Slider with three articles shown per slide. There may be overlap eg, went to ER, then admitted to hospital. Res. To obtain Recently, POTS has been identified as a potential "long-hauler" symptom of COVID-19. In October 2020, Chung launched a clinic specifically for patients who were once infected with SARS-CoV-2 the virus that causes COVID-19 and who now experience severe fatigue; orthostatic tachycardia, dizziness or intolerance to standing; chronic muscle pain; headache; and nausea, vomiting or irritable bowel syndrome. For new POTS diagnoses post-COVID-19, 12,460 SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals were analyzed, with an average age of 47.0years, of which 50% were women and 54% were Whites. Would you like email updates of new search results? Google Scholar. Study shows COVID-19 rates were likely forty-times higher than CDC estimates during BA.4/BA.5 dominant period in the U.S. New cell-based assay shown to rapidly profile drug resistance to three widely used SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibiting drugs, Rebounding of COVID-19 symptoms and viral load are common among untreated COVID-19 patients, 25% of COVID-19 patients have lasting reduction in lung function, I have had COVID twice. Patients with lymphoid malignancies have impaired humoral immunity caused by the disease itself and its treatment, placing them at risk for severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and reduced response to vaccination. 8600 Rockville Pike In collaboration with the Johns Hopkins Post-Acute COVID-19 Team (PACT) service, the Johns Hopkins Division of Infectious Disease and other domestic and international partners, Chung is coordinating research to understand the incidence of POTS after COVID-19 and whether the incidence is the same as after other infections. History of POTS: 610 VAERS Events, 148 to ER, 29 Hospitalized. Despite these limitations, the study by Kwan et al.12 is of major importance to POTS research and patient care for several reasons. What is the relation between COVID-19 vaccination and new POTS-related diagnoses?. Cardiologist came in and looked me over. Chung is concerned about the link between the disease and POTS, but hes glad that patients are getting a diagnosis, so they can pursue treatment. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Stories about patients with persistent symptoms following infection with the coronavirus started surfacing in the news during the summer of 2020. By December 2020, the program had received a flood of referrals for patients exhibiting symptoms similar to those of POTS, after Chungs colleagues from comparable programs across the country were reporting that they, too, were receiving a large number of patient referrals dealing with POTS-like symptoms. mesurer votre utilisation de nos sites et applications. I suggest that any of us with these issues consider sticking with Pfizer. For some patients, recovery from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection may involve continuing, recurrent, or new symptoms and clinical findings that persist for weeks, months, or longer. I will look further to see if there is a way to tease this out of the VAERS data. Kwan, who treats POTS patients in a specialized clinic at Cedars-Sinai, said he hopes his research will help connect POTS patients to a specialist for proper care. Authors Jeonghyun Park 1 , Sanghyun Kim 1 , Jusuck Lee 1 , Jae Young An 2 Affiliations 1 Department of Neurology, College . Med. This type of analysis is inherently difficult owing to the lack of ideal controls, multiple confounding factors related to the context of the pandemic and the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on patients engagement with the healthcare system. Accordingly, patients studied received clinical care that was reviewed to be consistent with guidelines recommendations, and referral to local experts in managing POTS was often pursued in cases that warranted consideration for more specialized evaluation and therapies., Todd Neale is the Associate News Editorfor TCTMD and a Senior Medical Journalist. BMC Med. February 2022?heart rate still increases. Blitshteyn, S. et al. After 20 hours I was not able to go from lying, sitting, standing. 2022 Dec 7;10(12):2095. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10122095. A condition called POTS rose after covid, but patients can't find care A life-changing condition called POTS, which can cause fainting, irregular heartbeats and dizziness, particularly among young women, appears to be on the rise as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. Cardiovasc. The likelihood of getting diagnosed with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) increases after both COVID-19 and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although COVID-19 itself poses a greater risk, observational data suggest. Called 911. POTS-associated diagnoses included POTS along with dysautonomia, mast cell disorders, fatigue, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. I will not be getting any further booster shots. ABC 7 recently interviewed Cedars-Sinai cardiovascular specialistAlan C. Kwan, MD, an investigator with the Smidt Heart Institute, about a study exploring the link between the COVID-19 vaccine and a debilitating heart condition known as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). The 90 day mark post vaccine was a nightmare. "There does appear to be a small signal associating COVID-19 vaccines with POTS occurring after the vaccine . She and her partner were COVID-19 vaccine injured. 2023 Jan 26;15(1):e34236. Prioritizing facilities located in counties with a high Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) ranking to help increase health equity in COVID-19 vaccination is recommended. A similar analysis was performed in over 12,000 SARS-CoV-2 infection records. Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Heart Rate Variability: A Systematic Review. Diagnosed with pots earlier this year, this is not some new found side effect, this was reported on back in mid 2021 by those that were vaccine injured and witnesses and statements regarding cases appeared and were reported in front of a congressional panel in Washington. As of mid July, they cant see me till late August 2023. For most of the conditions investigated, post-COVID-19 rates were greater than those observed post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. POTS is a clinical syndrome that manifests with orthostatic intolerance and postural tachycardia 1. Masks are required inside all of our care facilities. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Kwan, the first and corresponding author of the study, told ABC 7 news reporter Denise Dador that in reviewing patient health records, he and his team found that a small percentage of patients who received the COVID-19 vaccine experienced POTS. 2022 Nov 2;14(11):e31006. dvelopper et amliorer nos produits et services. Probably had it for years but no dx. The Mayo clinic said they cant see me. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44161-022-00177-8 (2022). If we can understand the relationship between COVID-19 and POTS, it will also help us understand the cause of POTS.. End of July I have a torn labrum repaired. Ali I was teaching someone else to use the VAERS reports, and I found the information you were seeking. Mar, P. L. & Raj, S. R. Annu Rev Med. Masks are required inside all of our care facilities, COVID-19 testing locations on Maryland.gov, Johns Hopkins Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) Program. Can cause muscle twitching etc. doi: 10.7759/cureus.31006. "In an unexpected but important way, the COVID-19 pandemic brought a great deal of awareness to POTSboth to patients and providers," said Peng-Sheng Chen, MD, an expert on the condition who leads one of only a few POTS specialty clinics in the nation. I tried to get into UTSW- SW Dallas. He put me on 50 mg 2 times per day of Metoprolol and .1mg of fludrocortisone. A number of physicians and patient groups subsequently reached out to us with their experiences and observations, which included increased patient presentations with POTS-like symptoms after COVID-19 vaccination. This paper describes and analyses different methods for pharmacoepidemiological studies. Kwan told Dador research also showed that the COVID-19 vaccine actually offers substantial protection against POTS. Third shot of Moderna is 50mcg. 2022;Epub ahead of print. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles We are able to more definitively say that we think that this is a real observation, he said. The conditions with the highest post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination odds of new diagnoses were POTS, dysautonomia, myocarditis, urinary tract infections, and mast cell activation syndrome. Potential POTS association with COVID-19 vaccination weaker than with COVID-19 infection, https://doi.org/10.1038/s44161-022-00194-7. Eight cases (25.8%) received one dose of the . The selection of a physician should be made by you after careful . 1b). All Rights Reserved. The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected worldwide health through both acute illness and the long-term effects of infection. However, current prevalence is likely significantly higher owing to post-COVID-19 POTS, which can develop as part of the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)4,5. It's not clear yet whether patients are developing POTS after COVID-19 for some reason above and beyond why any other infections trigger POTS, or whether it's just that we're seeing a lot. Third, the generalizability of this report is limited to a specific population. COVID-19 was associated with greater odds of both POTS-associated diagnoses (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.33-1.72) and common primary care diagnoses (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.31-1.50). New POTS diagnoses within 90days of exposure were identified based on the international classification of diseases (ICD)-9,10 codes or phecode grouping and expressed as a rate per 100,000 exposures. Annu Rev Med. Who can help?? Vaccination Still Best Option for Protection, Asked about potential mechanisms to explain the findings, Kwan said POTS is typically thought of as an issue with the autonomic nervous system, which maybe damaged by COVID-19. Front Neurol. Complete your request online or contact us by phone. eCollection 2023 Jan. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05662-9. Of course, it's been awhile since your post, so perhaps this information is too late. POTS can cause a rapid increase in heartbeat, fainting, dizziness and fatigue. 2015 heart rhythm society expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and vasovagal syncope. Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test revealed normal response in the forearm ( A, MeSH Dis. TODAYrecently interviewed Susan Cheng, MD, MPH, director of the Institute for Research on Healthy Aging in the Department of Cardiology at the Smidt Heart Institute, about recent study findings showing that heart attack deaths among young people, ABCNews.com recently interviewed infectious disease specialist Soniya Gandhi, MD, MPH, associate chief medical officer at Cedars-Sinai, to discuss the recent increase in norovirus cases and how to avoid getting sick. In this interview, AZoM speaks to Rohan Thakur, the President of Life Science Mass Spectrometry at Bruker, about what the opportunities of the market are and how Bruker is planning on rising to the challenge. 8, 156 (2021). COVID-19 Dysautonomia. The mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines are effective at preventing infection . Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature Cardiovascular Research (Nat Cardiovasc Res) Res. POTs symptoms continued. J. Neurol. HR 165 at peak. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Learn more: Vaccines, Boosters & Additional Doses | Testing | Patient Care | Visitor Guidelines | Coronavirus. 66, 744754 (2018). & S.C. The study by Kwan et al. GI problems continue. Moderna said people without insurance will be able to get its COVID vaccine at no cost after the U.S. government . For COVID-19-vaccinated individuals, POTS odds were higher 90days post-vaccination compared to those 90days prior to vaccination. Diagnosed with pots earlier, this is not some new found side effect, this was reported on back in mid, Popular artificial sweetener associated with elevated risk of heart attack and stroke, study shows, Study supports the concept of atherosclerosis as a T-cell autoimmune disease targeting the arterial wall, New method can potentially catch COVID-19 infections quickly with near-perfect accuracy, The Effect of Intermittent Fasting on the Gut Microbiome, The Impact of Cyberbullying on Mental Health, Association between cardiovascular disease and transportation noise revealed in new research, Novel predictors of severe respiratory syncytial virus infections among infants below the age of one, Analysis provides new insights into complex effects of Alzheimers disease on the retina, Naked mRNA delivered using needle-free PYRO injection presents a safe and effective potential vaccination method, Innovative method to spot bacteria in blood, wastewater, and more. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. This is a summary of: Kwan, A. C. et al. Heart Rhythm 12, e41e63 (2015). Google Scholar. Additionally, POTS odds (1.3, n=4,526) were higher than CPC diagnoses odds (1.2, n=33,590) but lower than those for new POTS diagnoses post-COVID-19. A lot of people with chronic fatigue and heart palpitations end up in physiatry clinics because they are debilitated. However, they found that people diagnosed with COVID-19 are five times more likely to develop POTS after being infected than after getting vaccinated. I am a 57 year old female who just prior to Covid walked 18 miles per week and swam 4 -8 hours per week. b, Post-infection odds by diagnosis in all patients. Since the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines in the USA in December 2020, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has remained the most effective and influential global public health strategy to mitigate the pandemic. The current proposed pathology for POTS is an inability to regulate blood volume. Europace 19, 12111219 (2017). We therefore cannot exclude the possibility that the incidence of POTS and POTS-associated diagnoses was overestimated. A 2022 review notes that an estimated 2% to 14% of people who've had COVID-19 may experience POTS in the months after their illness. The .gov means its official. Enter long COVID. Rev. Res. 9, 43 (2020). For POTS-related diagnoses, the post-infection risk was 5.35 (5.055.68) times higher after exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection than after exposure to vaccination. Since early reports of post-acute infection sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) emerged in the media,. Experts speculate that COVID-19 antibodies may be targeting the autonomic nervous system, which can cause POTS after an infection. Among SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, the novel diagnoses odds and the corresponding occurrence rates showed increasing trends, especially for POTS, hypertension, and diabetes. I had virtually no reaction to the first shot, and had fever and aches with the third, but no secondary autoimmune flare. Apparent risks of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome diagnoses after COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-Cov-2 Infection, https://www.nature.com/articles/s44161-022-00177-8, Pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 viral components on human periodontal tissues and cells, Study results provide strong evidence for association of genetic markers to long COVID mappable to fatigue, Evidence that cross-reactive immunity from common human coronaviruses can influence response to SARS-CoV-2. I am new to the site. Kwan and colleagues observed, from a large health organization clinical database, a potential increase in the incidence of POTS following COVID-19 vaccination. Alan C. Kwan, Joseph E. Ebinger, Susan Cheng, Jlia Arany, Victor Bazan, Roger Villuendas, Tetsuya Akaishi, Tamotsu Onodera, Tadashi Ishii, Shigeru Shibata, Kazuo Kobayashi, Hiromi Rakugi, Anna Irene Vedel Srensen, Lampros Spiliopoulos, Anders Hviid, Hannah E. Davis, Lisa McCorkell, Eric J. Topol, Benjamin A. Satterfield, Deepak L. Bhatt & Bernard J. Gersh, Mateusz Soliski, Agnieszka Pawlak, Jan J. ebrowski, Nature Cardiovascular Research During these months I have had a Colonoscopy, Endoscopy, CT scans bloodwork, urinalysis, etc..Motegrity did not help nor did Nortriptyline. <3, I have had COVID twice. To learn more, or to refer a patient, visit the Johns Hopkins Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) program website. The face of postural tachycardia syndrome - insights from a large cross-sectional online community-based survey. Accumulating all POTS-associated diagnoses in one group gave slightly lower odds. permanently. This case report is clinically relevant to better understand the pathophysio . Apparent risks of postural orthostatic tachycardiac syndrome diagnoses after COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection. There are three different COVID-19 vaccine options available in the U.S., and all are safe and provide powerful protection against severe illness and death from COVID-19. It hurts too bad to eat/drink. POTS After COVID The pandemic is already starting to increase awareness around POTS. -. Eldokla, A. M. & Numan, M. T. Clin Auton. In a study published in this issue of Nature Cardiovascular Research, Kwan et al. First, the accuracy of POTS and POTS-associated diagnoses is crucial for study validity. On the contrary, two POTS-related conditions, fatigue and EDS (Ehler-Danlos syndrome), showed lower odds. I think vaccination is still your best option to protect your health, including from POTS related to [SARS-CoV-2] infection.. J. Cardiovasc. 71, 235248 (2020). He prescribed 20 pills 4 x daily for 5 days. For the vaccine part of the study, the investigators examined electronic medical records from 284,592 vaccinated individuals (mean age 52 years; 57% women). Nous, Yahoo, faisons partie de la famille de marques Yahoo. Two sequencesymmetry analyses were performed with different retrospective cohorts of individuals who received COVID-19 vaccinations and those with COVID-19 history. 2022. On my third ER visit for another severe POTS episode, the ER doctor did give me a prescription for Metoclopramide(GI drug..among other things). As POTS is a frequently under-recognized condition that can cause substantial debility in affected patients4, greater understanding of POTS in general is required to improve overall awareness and rates of appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Lorsque vous utilisez nos sites et applications, nous utilisons des, authentifier les utilisateurs, appliquer des mesures de scurit, empcher les spams et les abus; et. Dr.Kerryn Phelps is the former President of the Australian Medical Association (AMA). The risks of POTS after COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection: its worth a shot, https://doi.org/10.1038/s44161-022-00180-z. Continued studies is the the only way to get down to the truth and find treatments that work. I did have costochondritis for a few hours, an inflammation of connective tissue between the ribs, the last day, which may have been autoimmune. and transmitted securely. The rates of POTS after infection were so much higher that this shouldnt be taken as anything discouraging vaccination, he added. Onset of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) Following COVID-19 Infection: A Pediatric Case Report. My daughter and I both have autoimmune conditions: I have lupus. Med. However, they found that people diagnosed with COVID-19 are five times more likely to develop POTS after being infected than after getting vaccinated. Large Cohort Study Finds Possible Association Between Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome and COVID-19 Vaccination but Far Stronger Link With SARS-CoV-2 Infection. For most of the conditions examined, including POTS-associated diagnoses, rates after SARS-CoV-2 infection were higher than those seen after receipt of one of the vaccines.

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