Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. Freud used three primary assessment techniquesfree association, transference, and dream analysisas part ofpsychoanalysis, or psychoanalytic therapy, to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. 165. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." 113. That is the idea, at least. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. Over time I learned that attention was good. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. 159. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. Pavlov realized some stimuli automatically elicited responses (such as salivating to meat powder) and other stimuli had to be paired with these automatic associations for the animal or person to respond to it (such as salivating to a bell). d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). b. humanistic. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. c. Beck. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. The charge inside is -70mV at rest. After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. d. behavioral. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. 36. The biopsychosocial model examines the health and other illnesses and product behavior with biological features and behavioral factors.Several health psychologists work with healthcare experts and patients to help . In the case of men. abnormality, also known as mental disorders, psychiatric diagnoses, or, more broadly, psychopathology. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. 166. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. PSY 381 Chapter 2 Flashcards | Quizlet b. the libido. b. overgeneralization. 41. c. psychoanalysts. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? If you believe focusing on a problem generates a solution, then write down each time you ruminate and the result. Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. b. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. c. feminist therapy. 100. Existential therapy is used to treat substance abuse, excessive anxiety, apathy, alienation, nihilism, avoidance, shame, addiction, despair, depression, guilt, anger, rage, resentment, embitterment, purposelessness, psychosis, and violence. List and define the ten defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. c. existential. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. 80. Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. What are some issues facing the biological model? c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. How so? The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. 158. Postconditioning, or after learning has occurred, establishes a new and not naturally occurring relationship of a conditioned stimulus (CS; previously the NS) and conditioned response (CR; the same response). Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. c. superego. A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. This is an example of behavior modification using: To truly understand brain structure and chemistry, it is a good idea to understand how communication occurs within the nervous system. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. b. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. 2.3.1.3. We will explore a few of these factors in this section. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. 156. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? b. ego. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. c. overgeneralization. Which type of psychodynamic therapy encourages therapists to disclose things about themselves? b. a distorted view of the self. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. If your parents resort to alcohol consumption to deal with stressors life presents, then you also might do the same. a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. I bet the bad behavior ended too. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. As such, he continues to steal her toys. a. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. What is that factor? Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused, 139. Evaluating the behavioral model. 2.2.3.3. What is learning and what forms does it take? Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. c. depression. They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. d. reality principle. d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. Does extinction happen as soon as the anticipated reinforcer is removed? 133. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. 50. How so? b. cultural. b. genetic mutations. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. 163. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. They are sexual in nature. PSYCH205-FinalExam-Answers Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. d. latent content. b. Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. Psychodynamic techniques. c. psychosurgery. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. Chapter 14 Flashcards | Chegg.com 107. c. unconditional positive regard. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. 147. 2.3.3.1. 71. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. 93. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. Which is an example of latent content? a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. This begs the question of how we can really know that they exist. What is important to mental health professionals is some disorders involve specific areas of the brain. First, Freud made most of his observations in an unsystematic, uncontrolled way, and he relied on the case study method. The cognitive model made up for an apparent deficit in the behavioral model overlooking the role cognitive processes play in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. 20. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? d. lend itself easily to research. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partners departure and ways to save money. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. 62. c. transference. 2.2.2.2. What is it? The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. projection. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. 66. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. Bacterial and viral infections. For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. b. delusional thinking. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. a. psychodynamic Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. d. libido. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. b. irrational thoughts contribute to ones feelings. B) chemical imbalances and brain damage. 117. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. Solved which statement about catergorical vs dimensions | Chegg.com Figure 2.9. Medical Model: Definition, Mental Health, Psychology - StudySmarter US b. develop depression even when not under stress. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. 77. 40. c. humanistic-existential d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. Neural transmission. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. d. synapses. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. c. role-playing. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. bodily sensations. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the clients interactions with others. A patient has social anxiety disorder. b. family structure and communication. Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. First, the response is made, and nothing happens. The electrical portion of the neural impulse is just the start. c. transference. c. primary process thought. A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. 56. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. It is difficult to research this perspective. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: a. catharsis. b. exposure therapy. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). b. social factors leading to stress. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. 48. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. b. ethnographic studies. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? Choose one answer. Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. And then we return to resting potential, as you saw in Figure 2.4. a. sociocultural b. biocultural c. psychocultural d. cognitive-cultural. 32. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. In the classroom, we might use modeling to demonstrate to a student how to do a math problem. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? Mason's parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. Banduras Classic Experiment. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. This is called: a. fixation. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. 99. This approach to learning was called connectionism. Breuer made daily visits and allowed her to share stories from her private theater, which she came to call talking cure or chimney sweeping. Many of the stories she shared were actually thoughts or events she found troubling and reliving them helped to relieve or eliminate the symptoms. a. cognitive-behavioral d. object relations. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. d. damage control. c. reject thoughts that are not rational. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? d. acceptance and commitment, 97. 90. a. existential 141. a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. d. hormone therapy.

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