It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Contextual translation of "poyu ta" from Persian into Tagalog. Check ' ' translations into Persian. He erected a monument at. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470. [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional The kings of Kashmir described in the Rajatarangini are given below. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Regarding the events of the past, Kalhanas search for material was truly fastidious. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Made in Kasmir, Rajputana, and Central India, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia, The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, The Frail Hero and Virile History: Gender and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Bengal, Vernacular Histories in Late Nineteenth-Century Banaras: Folklore, Puranas and the New Antiquarianism, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 17001960, The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, Kings of Kashmira: Being a Translation of the Sanskrita Work Rajatarangini of Kahlana Pandita, Kings of Kashmira: A Translation of the Sanskrita Work of Jonaraja, Shrivara and of Prajyabhatta and Shuka, History of KashmiraA Contribution Towards Ancient Indian History, Politics and Society during the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib, Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, The BJP's Intellectual Agenda: Textbooks and Imagined History, A Critical Study of Indo-Persian Literature: During Sayyid and Lodi Period, 14141526, Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company, The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Formation of Nationalist Discourse in India, Pretexts and Paratexts: The Art of the Peripheral, The Question of History in Precolonial India, Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context, The Hindi Public Sphere, 19201940: Language and Literature in the Age of Nationalism, Rajatarangini: The Saga of the Kings of Kasmir, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir, Aurel Stein in Kashmir: The Sanskritist of Mohand Marg, Invisible Women, Visible Histories: Gender, Society, and Polity in North India, Seventh to Twelfth Century AD, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India, 16001800, Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India, Turbulent Waves: Construction of Gender Relations in the, Negotiating India's Past: Essays in Memory of Partha Sarathi Gupta, History as Conceived by the Ancient Hindu and Other Nations, Ancient Indian Historiography: Sources and Interpretations, Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History, South Asia Institute, University of Texas, Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir, Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain, Studies of the Kashmir Council of Research. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. May 29, 2021 04:35 pm | Updated July 06, 2022 12:26 pm IST. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? After that, the English translation. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). Translation of " " into Persian . Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage A New Hoard and An Anomaly", Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir, Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=1121892347, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. elsewhere. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. university presses. Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. Rajatarangini | Sanskrit, Chronicle, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica How do people make money on survival on Mars? According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. Mughal contributions to literature and Music - KPSC Exam Free Notes , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. Verse 14. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Devout Shaivite. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. 2011 Duke University Press His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Son of Hiranyakula. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Verse 14. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. He was (I.191) the first of his race. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. No examples found, consider adding one please. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. (I.191) He belonged to. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). Was this answer helpful? After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). Abstract. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? Wife of Damodara. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. . Verse 15. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". After ruling indirectly and directly. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. Rajatarangini - Rajatarangini.pdf - [PDF Document] From Stein's translation:[3]. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? Hence the correct answer is Option B. In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. Turn on. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. View Answer Son of Jayapida and Durgi. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Mughal Sultanate Flashcards | Quizlet Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? The Loharas ruled for many generations. This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Murdered by Radda. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Smaller Kingdoms during Sultanate Era - Jagranjosh.com Who translated the Ramayan & Mahabharata into Persia? [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Verse 7. (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? - GKToday In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Answer. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. The relative Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. He stopped the killing of cows by means . He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. Verse 12. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. Raman Menons translation attempts to preserve the essential characteristics of the original by adopting the Manipravalam diction. After his death, the queen committed. The Journal of Asian Studies His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods.

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