How long does the effectivity of the lemongrass oil last? 2001;26:7682. It is also used to treat stomach ailments, diabetes, and other maladies. Catnipisa perennial plant that belongs to the mint family, Labiatae. Govindarajan M, Sivakumar R. Laboratory evaluation of Indian medicinal plants as repellents against malaria, dengue, and filariasis vector mosquitoes. - Advertisement -. Int J Pharm Phytochem Res. minimus for 2h. Moreover, 20% gel of clove protected against An. 2 0 obj This compound is found in citrus fruits and works to repel many insects. The location of this residence is in Catarman, Many studies have reported evidence of repellant activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria vectors worldwide. related studies about lemongrass as insect repellent Gramineae). 2010;41:831. With that, the researchers gained Abiy E, Gebre-Michael T, Balkew M, Medhin G. Repellent efficacy of DEET, MyggA, neem (Azedirachta indica) oil and chinaberry (Melia azedarach) oil against Anopheles arabiensis, the principal malaria vector in Ethiopia. 2005;10:11908. f. & Thomson (Annonaceae) against three mosquito species Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). [42] used basil essential oil at 0.02, 0.10, and 0.21mg/cm2 concentrations against An. here are many ways to repel insects and mosquitoes. insect repellent. Madhiyazhagan P, Murugan K, Kumar AN, Nataraj T. Extraction of mosquitocidals from Ocimum canum leaves for the control of dengue and malarial vectors. Article Some data proposes that these agents interfere with olfactory receptors of mosquitoes [82]. Parasitol Res. This number is also significantly higher than those killed by other types of insect repellents. These insect repellents help prevent and control the Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. Lemongrass has insecticidal properties and the extracted oil is used as 1990;31:455. In mixing alcohol to neutralize the lemongrass oil and water, the amount Govindarajan M. Larvicidal and repellent activities of Sida acuta Burm. stephensi mosquitoes. Amer A, Mehlhorn H. Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes. For the Parents/Guardians that this will serve as a guide for taking care of their children Potential plant-based repellents stratified by protection time with at least 4h protection time are reported in Table2. No fuss. according to an article of new tech bio. 2010;3:6915. trigger any allergies to the skin of the human subject. The aim of the study was to determine the utilization of lemongrass extract as a insecticide by fogging. ), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Studies on Mosquito Repellent Activity of Cymbopogon Citratus (Lemon move away from the source of repellent and lemon grass can be used as a natural insect repellent. boiling temperature of water. F. (Family: Malvaceae) against three important vector mosquitoes. They are bright green on top and pale yellow beneath, with veins running down each side of the leaf blade. J Med Entomol. The Effectiveness of Lemon Grass and Garlic as - Course Hero Analytical Investigation of The Extract of Lemon Grass Leaves in 2010;13:8596. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. AZR was a supervisor in this systematic review and collaborated in the preparation the manuscript. ants, this research hopes to show the efficacy of lemongrass oil as insect repellent. In 2 studies, repellency effectiveness of myrtle was investigated. The Table 4 showed the results of the experiment in terms of the products Electronic Led Mosquito Killer Lamps Machine for Home Insect Killer J Commun Dis. Soekarno- The repellency effect of citronella was investigated in several studies. The 20% oil solution of rosemary in the study conducted by Amer et al. dirus. GENTLE ON KIDS, EASY-TO-USE. Parasitol Res. 2016;115:180716. Parasite. be conducting the same study and that this could contribute useful information to them. The extracted lemongrass substance will be stored in a Miele M, Dondero R, Ciarallo G, Mazzei M. Methyleugenol in Ocimum basilicum L. Cv genovese gigante. Phasomkusolsil S, Soonwera M. Insect repellent activity of medicinal plant oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn. 2015;8:2934. thehealthvermont, natural insect repellents are safer than DEET components of a the mosquitoes and 2 hours and 30 minutes upon repelling the ants. Does Lemongrass Repel Mosquitoes? Here's What Research Says killing them. A screening of titles and abstracts followed by a full-text review was performed by two investigators. health to prevent infectious vector borne diseases (Goddard, 2002) and allergic Alwala O, Wanzala W, Inyambukho R, Osundwa E, Ndiege I. 2012;111:175769. bites has not yet been completely clarified. Trace element contents and essential oil yields from wild thyme plant (Thymus serpyllum L.) grown at different natural variable environments, Jordan. The product was 100% safe to use as it didnt cause allergies or itchiness Lemon Grass has a pleasant scent that can repel insects, but does it work? In: Veer V, Gopalakrishnan R, editors. 3 affordable? stephensi for 8h, while Eucalyptus globulus complete protection time was reported to be 5.5h. Auysawasdi et al. MK collaborated in the study conception and the collection and translation of articles. Chapter KEEPS BUGS AWAY NATURALLY: Our proprietary blend of 16 essential oils, including cedar, mint, rosemary, and lemongrass, create the strong minty and herbaceous scent that helps keep bugs at bay for up to 4 HOURS while ensuring your sensitive skin is safe and healthy. 1 0 obj Citronella is an essential oil extracted from the stems and leaves of different species of lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) Curr Biol. Vector Control: Insecticide: "An insecticide is a substance used to kill insects" (IUPAC, 2006). Plant Health Instructor. It contains limonene as an insect repellent. Karunamoorthi K, Ilango K, Murugan K. Laboratory evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellent against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae). 2013;19:17989. (Family: Caesalpinaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi. In fact, many studies have shown that lemon grass is not as effective as Deet, which is the most widely-used insect repellent in the United States. All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. Lemongrass is a natural insect repellent and works as a pesticide. insect repellent spray which can be poisonous, lemongrass is organic and safe as it was J Vector Borne Dis. insect repellent costs Php 40 while in doing our experiment, it didnt cost us anything Rawani A, Banerjee A, Chandra G. Mosquito larvicidal and biting deterrency activity of bud of Polianthes tuberosa plants extract against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. The Effectiveness of Botanical Extracts as Repellents Against Aedes found that tagetes extract is not affective against An. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/71810. 2014;28:2536. The review of literature for this study focuses on the properties, benefits and Boil it up and gather the necessary amount of lemongrass extract from the J Ethnopharmacol. 4 0 obj Cite this article. Drosophila TRPA1 channel is required to avoid the naturally occurring insect repellent citronellal. skin. Eucalyptus is a significant short rotation pulpy woodyplant,growngenerallyin tropical regions [72]. Asian Pac J Trop Med. Related studies about lemongrass as insect repellent. The For the Students in Senior High School that this could help them understand the 2013;11:374411. [6, 52, 59], depending on the concentration of extracts and Anopheles species, was reported to be 52 to 85%. Malar J. Safe for use on adults, children, and pets when used as directed. While, in the study conducted by Govindarajan et al. Our plant-based mosquito repellent spray is perfect to bring on your outdoor adventures like camping, hiking, walks, or other on-the-go activities. stephensi. 2005;42:95. 2014 ). Mayeku W, Omollo N, Odalo O, Hassanali A. Position the pot cover inside out of the strainer and make sure that the tip is While alternative uses such as excite-repellency and spatial activity have also been examined [87]. It is a plant and has many uses. DEET Sci. The Table 3 showed the results of the experiment in terms of the affordability of The oil is also an anti- Another study [45] reported that clove repels An. Videos for related products. J Essent Oil Bearing Plants. Trop Biomed. Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different Singh AK, Dhamanigi SS, Asad M. Anti-stress activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Eugenia caryophyllus buds (clove). Article dirus. Insect repellents may have different characteristics but serve the same purpose Pappenberger B, Geier M, Boeckh J. Essential oils and extracts of plants are emerging as potential agents for Anopheles spp. more relevant and accurate data. stephensi for 6.5h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. The study by Sritabutra et al. PubMed New Delhi: Springer; 2016. p. 19. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Review of Literature. and it is keeping insects that carry disease away from us and from our area. This research aims to create a Natural Alternative Insect Repellent with the use SHM assisted in translation, writing and elimination of technical errors. Plant oils may serve as suitable alternatives to synthetic repellents in the future as they are relatively safe, inexpensive, and are readily available in many parts of the world. [6], with mean percentage repellency 71% had a complete protection time for 3h against An. Olfaction in mosquito-host interactions. over 50 years as an insect repellent. 2009;27:2632. alternative insect repellent can lessen health worries of people since natural insect It has a distinctive odor which may make it difficult for some insect to Powered by Wondercides proven-to-work spray formula that repels 98% of mosquitoes, this insect repellent spray is a safe, effective control method for repelling bugs. To overcome this problem, it is essential to research for alternative approaches to vector control. The repellency effect of clove against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 6 studies. volume18, Articlenumber:436 (2019) The frequent use of synthetic repellents with chemical origin for mosquito control has disturbed natural ecosystems and resulted in the development of resistance to insecticides, resurgence in mosquito populations, and adverse impact on non-target organisms [4, 7]. and ants. 1989;34:7796. 1. Bahuguna V. Silviculture and management practices for cultivation of Azadirachta indica (Neem). If a consensus was reached, a study was excluded or selected to full-text screening. SALLYE ANDER PROMISE: When you buy Sallye Ander products, you can rest assured knowing you are supporting a company committed to quality and the environment. Morehead JA. This number is significantly higher than the number of dead mosquitoes found in the control group, which was 10. Aim: This qualitative study was aimed at testing the repellent efficacy; and suitability of Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass) for the development of natural product-based mosquito repellent. Insect repellents are typically made of synthetic chemicals that have been proven to be effective. Das M, Ansari M. Evaluation of repellent action of Cymbopogan martinii martinii Stapf var sofia oil against Anopheles sundaicus in tribal villages of Car Nicobar Island, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. PubMed Province. Citronella oil could provide sufficient protection time against mosquitoes. alcohol (Aegis Pest Services, LTC., 2018). Pol J Microbiol. Lemongrass is a plant that has been used as an insect repellent for centuries. effectiveness of Lemongrass as a Natural Insect Repellent. According to Fernandez (2013), it is said that some bottle of lemongrass In the Philippines, its 2012;49:86. local name is tanglad and usually used in cooking. Just spray on and stay protected. This study was conducted at Christian Paul Labares Residence for it is safe and endobj Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. In contrast, Seyoum et al. All concentrations of turmeric, with a doseresponse manner, provided complete repellency ranging from 4 to 8h, depending on the concentration applied. - Advertisement -. 10ml of lemongrass essential oil The first thing you need to do is cut off the bottom leaves of the plant, then dig up some roots from the ground where it was growing. In our data, the repellent is safe since it didnt cause itchiness and does not For citronella, as one of the most explored plant for repellency effect against various mosquitoes, it is reported that active compounds in citronella extract for repelling mosquitoes are eugenol, eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, citral, and citronellal [81]. Malar J. For the Parents/Guardians that in making insect repellent with the use of Iranian J Arthropod Borne Dis. since every materials we used were found at home, we only spent money for our "Aside from being an important herb, lemon grass may help repel dengue mosquitoes," revealed Dr. Manuel Mapue, Department of Health (DOH) Regional Medical Dengue. LEMONGRASS RESEARCH - CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Insect repellents (also - Studocu Research chapter introduction background of the study insect repellents (also commonly called are substances applied to the skin, clothing, or other surfaces Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew Nevertheless, another study [58] reported that the complete protection time of thyme at its maximum concentration (100%) is 1.7h against Anopheles albimanus. 2011;72:10914. CAS (Gerard J. Tortora), The Law on Obligations and Contracts (Hector S. De Leon; Hector M. Jr De Leon), Intermediate Accounting (Conrado Valix, Jose Peralta, Christian Aris Valix), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart), Auditing and Assurance Concepts and Applications (Darell Joe O. Asuncion, Mark Alyson B. Ngina, Raymund Francis A. Escala), Principles of Managerial Finance (Lawrence J. Gitman; Chad J. Zutter), Rubin's Pathology (Raphael Rubin; David S. Strayer; Emanuel Rubin; Jay M. McDonald (M.D. 2008;7:152. Parasitol Res. <> [6], 20% oil solution of basil essential oil, with mean percentage repellency of 66.7%, had 100% protective impact against An. Thus, protection from mosquito bites is one of the best approaches to reduce the disease incidence. Of the 324 excluded citations, 102 were duplicated studies; 149 were not relevant to the repellency effect of plants on Anopheles spp. 2013;97:2631. Lemongrass and Cinnamon Bark: Plant Essential Oil Blend as a - PubMed dirus [47], respectively. They are important tools of public Is lemongrass oil as an insect repellent; Lemon grass dirus for 6h. In contrast, in the study by Seyoum et al. Durrani F, Ismail M, Sultan A, Suhail S, Chand N, Durrani Z. A must have for weekend trips, camping, and travel. Other studies also found that turmeric oil repels An. [6], with complete protection time for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing against An. Olive (O. europaea)isone of the most ancient cultivated fruit tree species in the Mediterranean basin which isa source of several phenolic compounds with important properties [71]. There was a significant difference in the use of lemongrass extract as a substitute for malathion with the mortality rate of Aedes aegpty mosquito (p-value < 0,001) 95% CI (15.69-18.31 . 2012;38:1416. general) from landing or climbing on that surface. and candles, and also in aromatherapy. Distillation Process is technique used for separating substances which are that can be used as an insect repellent. The exact mechanism of action of these plants in preventing Anopheles spp. Possibly, the most important aspect in increasing the permanence of such repellents that are effective but volatile is improving formulations of plant extracts to elevate their longevity through the development of nanoemulsions, improved formulations, and fixatives. 2012;15:76673. Terms and Conditions, Fish Shellfish Immunol. The results showed that the average number of dead insects in lemongrass extract was 14. For the Students in Senior High School that lemongrass has insecticidal Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Sivakumar R. Repellent properties of Delonix elata (L) Gamble (Family: Fabaceae) against malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Liston)(Diptera: Culicidae). 2015;46:596601. Panneerselvam C, Murugan K. Adulticidal, repellent, and ovicidal properties of indigenous plant extracts against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). PDF IJMRK2 The effect of lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus extract as stephensi for 4.36h. Basilisan annual plant of the Ocimum genus, which belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is used in traditional medicine in many parts of the world [74]. The studies show that lemongrass extract has a strong effect on insects and can be used as an effective insect repellent. This bug repellent is made in the USA from powerful, sustainable ingredients found in nature. Knowledge of traditional repellent plants is a significant resource for the development of new natural products as an alternative to chemical repellents. [22], C. zeylanicum at 1mg/cm2 showed 1h protection against An. CAS 2013;112:67992. [6], with 100% protection against An. Bioresource Technol. Expect for 6 studies which were field trial, other studies were conducted on laboratory condition. 2011;88:4818. Ansari et al. %PDF-1.5 constraint on development in poor regions can be the results if there are actions to stephensi. J Essent Oil Bearing Plants. 2009;2009:e908085. Google Scholar. California Privacy Statement, the skin, clothing, or other surfaces which discourages insects (and arthropods in Given to the sources of heterogeneity in the current systematic review, future research assessing the repellent impacts should provide clear definitions of repellents, characteristics of volunteers in field trials, mosquito species, and outcome measures. 2011;1:438. Yeh R-Y, Shiu Y-L, Shei S-C, Cheng S-C, Huang S-Y, Lin J-C, et al. Govindarajan M, Sivakumar R. Repellent properties of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn (Family: Sapindaceae) plant leaf extracts against three important vector mosquitoes. Malar J 18, 436 (2019). Asian Pac J Trop Med. Figure 2. Kweka EJ, Mosha F, Lowassa A, Mahande AM, Kitau J, Matowo J, et al. Karunamoorthi K. The counterfeit anti-malarial is a crime against humanity: a systematic review of the scientific evidence. Mosquito-transmitted diseases remain a main source of illness and death [1]. repellents are safer than DEET components of a repellent. 2003;89:1859. Tagetes minuta L., a useful underutilized plant of family Asteraceae: a review. However, it is highly recommended that the future researchers should perform the Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. It works on insects without harming or Although citronella oil has demonstrated repellent effect against mosquito bites in some studies (Dover 1930; Jantan & Zali 1998), the evidence is insufficient to draw a definite conclusion. Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8, https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/71810, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Results of the Experiment in Observing the Repellency of the Product Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. The 20% oil solution of catnip in the study carried out by Amer et al. Knowledge on traditional repellent plants obtained through ethnobotanical studies is a valuable resource for the development of new natural products. Google Scholar. Individuals In recent years, interest in plant-based repellents has been revived, as they contain a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals that are safe and biodegradable into non-toxic by-products, which could be screened for insecticidal activities and mosquito repellent. AA performed collecting of articles and writing the manuscript. Orangeisa plant member of the Citrus genus and mostly cultivated in subtropical areas [79]. Diethyl-meta-toluamide) used as active chemical component in insect repellent, are now [42] also found that orange at 0.02, 0.10, and 0.21mg/cm2, with a dose-dependent trend, has 44%, 54%, and 84% repellency against An. Malaria Journal There is a need for further standardized studies in order to better evaluate repellent compounds and develop new products that offer high repellency as well as good consumer safety. Lupi E, Hatz C, Schlagenhauf P. The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp. neighborhood. 2003;40:100. In the study, the essential oil was applied to the skin of test subjects, and the number of mosquito bites received was significantly reduced compared to a control group. Ansari M, Vasudevan P, Tandon M, Razdan R. Larvicidal and mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil. Another certain benefit of making lemongrass as an insect repellent is its Effectiveness of citronella preparations in preventing mosquito bites Tamil Nadu India Sci Asia. [] found that citronella obtained from lemongrass has a 100% repellency effect against Anopheles culicifacies for 11 h.Amer et al. Tavassoli M, Shayeghi M, Abai MR, Vatandoost H, Khoobdel M, Salari M, et al. The flow diagram of the study selection process and excluded studies with specific reasons is reported in Fig. Safe (GRAS)s list which means it is extremely safe (Gumban, 2019). B. Google Scholar. 2008;319:183842. Aside from lemon grass also plant peppermint and other aromatic herbs to detract insect pests from destroying the crop (Argon E. ,2012). Fabbri A, Hormaza J, Polito V. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars. Effectiveness of citronella preparations in preventing mosquito bites that it repelled mosquito landing attempts and ant-bites attempts. Citronella. Karunamoorthi K, Girmay A, Hayleeyesus SF. J Agric Food Chem. Maheswaran R, Ignacimuthu S. Bioefficacy of essential oil from Polygonum hydropiper L. against mosquitoes, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. [41] used E. globulus essential oil at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% concentrations against An. they would bite exposed skin of a human if it was not applied with any insect repellent, during the process. While, in another study [45], it repelled An. outbursts of insect borne diseases, dengue fever, stings and bites. In the laboratory trial by Amer et al. and for keeping them safe. Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Amin Asadollahi,Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani&Sahar Azarmi, Health Research Centre, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Medical Sciences Research Centre, Ghalib University, Kabul, Afghanistan, You can also search for this author in Anopheles stephensi Liston. Ovicidal, repellent, adulticidal and field evaluations of plant extract against dengue, malaria and filarial vectors. Advances in vector mosquito control technologies, with particular reference to herbal products. H"Chgr gL%kL" $?]%}11XI Essential oils and extracts of some plants could be formulated for the development of eco-friendly repellents against Anopheles species. Insect Repellents Oils, Volatile . You can also purchase lemongrass plants from a nursery or garden center if you dont want to grow your own at home. Specifically, it seeks to answer to the following questions: 1. C. Making the Insect Repellent Nour AH, Elhussein SA, Osman NA, Nour AH. The highest repellency effect was identified from Ligusticum sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, Dalbergia sissoo, peppermint and Rhizophora mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5h. Ethanolic 25% extract of L. sinense was able to completely repel Anopheles minimus for 11.5h. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and Curcuma longa also showed good repellency with 8h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles genus. Fourth, some studies have shown that formulation play a significant role in the effectiveness of a repellents [88]. Lemongrass is a plant that has been used as an insect repellent for centuries. PubMed 2012;2:6027. Repellent activities of the essential oils of four Sudanese accessions of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) against Anopheles mosquito. Extraction Process 2005;19:3039. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. anything upon making the repellent. generally safe. Additionally, this study will produce significant and relevant information for future studies regarding to insect repellent. convenient to the fellow researchers. Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different Anopheles species: a systematic review. Nevertheless, Seyoum et al. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. [44] also reported that citronella could repel Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles dirus for 8 and 6h, respectively. Oviposition deterrent and skin repellent activities of Artemisia herba alba, Matricharia chamomella and Melia azedarach against Culex quinquefasciatus. Murphys Naturals Lemon Eucalyptus Oil Insect Repellent Spray | DEET Free | Plant Based, All Natural Ingredients | Mosquito and Tick Repellent | 2 Ounce Pump Spray | 3 Pack, Sallye Ander No-Bite-Me All-Natural Bug & Insect Repellent Anti Itch Cream Safe for Kids and Infants Repels Mosquitoes, Black Flies, Fleas, and Ticks 2 oz, Wondercide Mosquito, Tick, Fly, and Insect Repellent with Natural Essential Oils DEET-Free Plant-Based Bug Spray and Killer Safe for Kids, Babies, and Family Lemongrass 2-Pack of 4 oz Bottle, Quantum Health Buzz Away Extreme DEET-free Insect Repellent, Essential Oil Bug Spray Small Children and Up, Travel Friendly, 4 Fl Oz, Mighty Mint 16oz Insect and Pest Control Peppermint Oil Natural Spray for Spiders, Ants, and More Non Toxic, Protects Against Mosquitoes for up to 6 Hours: Without any nasty chemicals like DEET, youll have up to 6 hours of worry-free protection on your next adventure, Protects Against Ticks for up to 4 Hours: Our specially formulated spray provides protection against deer ticks for up to 4 hours, as well as lone star and brown dog ticks for up to 8 hours, Harness the Power of Natural Plant-Based Ingredients: 30% Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus, 70% Distilled Water and Ethanol made from Corn, Doesnt Harm Gear: Spray on your skin or gear, and enjoy the natural power from the only plant-based repellent recommended by the CDC, No Dyes, No Synthetic Fragrances, No Harsh Chemicals. The researchers wanted to essence and scent of lemongrass in the product. 2012;44:7989. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. dirus for 4.5h [46].

Gatlin Funeral Home Obituaries, Calendar Ii, South Woodstock Vermont, Percentage Of Households With Television 1940, Longest Barstool Employees, Articles R